Physiopedia articles are best used to find the original sources of information (see the references list at the bottom of the article). Items are scored as 0 (not reported), 1 (reported but inadequate) or 2 (reported and adequate). Mucoid degeneration of the anterior cruciate ligament: MRI, clinical, intraoperative, and histological findings. Eight studies showed postoperative improvement in range of motion, whereas Khanna et al. Ahuja A, Parekh C, Salomon A, Lawande M, Daftary A. Skeletal Radiol. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Arthroscopic debridement of the ACL results in satisfactory pain relief and improvement in knee outcome scores. A total of 313 knees in 292 patients were included in the nine studies. Part of Reference article, Radiopaedia.org (Accessed on 04 Mar 2023) https://doi.org/10.53347/rID-3615, Case 11: with Hoffa fat pad ganglion cyst, Case 12: tibial nerve schwannoma and ACL mucoid degeneration, Case 1: Complete ACL tear and meniscal tears, Case 2: Anomalous insertion of the medial meniscus, View Frank Gaillard's current disclosures, see full revision history and disclosures, anterior cruciate ligament ganglion cysts, anterior cruciate ligament avulsion fracture, posterior cruciate ligament avulsion fracture, Ahlback classification system in assessing osteoarthritis of the knee joint, Kellgren and Lawrence system for classification of osteoarthritis, anterior cruciate ligament mucoid degeneration, MRI grading system for meniscal signal intensity, Mucoid degeneration of the anterior cruciate ligament, congenital or acquired synovial tissue entrapment between ACL fibers. Palmer W, Bancroft L, Bonar F, Choi JA, Cotten A, Griffith JF, Robinson P, Pfirrmann CW. What is myxoid degeneration treatment? Check for errors and try again. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-011-1433-0, Article Average postoperative differential laxity on the Telos device was 8.3 mm (5 to 13 mm). It results in postoperative laxity, but rarely in frank instability. -Provided skilled hands on in post-op rehabilitation to various population including Head and neck cancers, Lymph edema management, Bone cancers. Post-debridement arthroscopic view showing yellowish, Post-debridement arthroscopic view showing yellowish lesion of the anterior cruciate ligament which was, MeSH MeSH government site. Anatomopathology samples were collected in 18 cases. The site is secure. Radiologic findings associated with mucoid degeneration of the anterior cruciate ligament. 1). Patients will . The need for delayed ACL reconstruction should be discussed preoperatively, especially if complete resection of the ACL is to be performed. This makes it difficult to relate the improvement of symptoms to ACL debridement. [16]. Arthroscopic debridement of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) results in satisfactory pain relief and improvement in knee outcome scores. Learn how we can help 704 views Reviewed >2 years ago Thank Orthop Traumatol Surg Res 96(4):400406, Bergin D, Morrison WB, Carrino JA, Nallamshetty SN, Bartolozzi AR (2004) Anterior cruciate ligament ganglia and mucoid degeneration: coexistence and clinical correlation. PubMed Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) mucoid degeneration, along with tears and anterior cruciate ligament ganglion cysts, is a relatively common cause of increased signal within the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL ). {"url":"/signup-modal-props.json?lang=us"}, Gaillard F, Roberts D, Saber M, et al. After the literature search and exclusion of duplicates, 54 papers were retrieved: 12 articles were assessed for eligibility, and of these, 9 papers met the inclusion criteria and were included in the systematic review [3, 6, 13,14,15,16,17,18,19] (Fig. Pre-debridement arthroscopic view showing yellowish content in the anterior cruciate ligament. Dietary management and various treatments Scanning and diagnostic . proposed reduction plasty, which is reduction of the ACL to normal volume without excision of all mucoid tissue. -, Kumar A, Bickerstaff DR, Grimwood JS, Suvarna SK. Each study was scored 02 on each question, with a global ideal score of 16. 2022 Mar;50(3):3000605221084865. doi: 10.1177/03000605221084865. Posterior pain disappeared in 27 cases (93%), on average 3.7 weeks after the procedure. Zhongguo Xiu Fu Chong Jian Wai Ke Za Zhi. ACL mucoid degeneration is an uncommon pathological condition; the pathogenesis, prevalence, and association with other intra-articular knee structural damage are still poorly understood. I have persistent pain in the back of that knee that is exacerbated by walking and bending it. Arthroscopic debridement of the ACL resulted in good pain relief and improved range of movement in all studies, with postoperative improvement in the knee scores. Demographic, radiological, and histological findings, type of surgery, and clinical pre- and postoperative data were analyzed. 5. J Chin Med Assoc. Preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan. 2001;17(9):E37. . Rehabilitation, speech therapy, crenotherapy. Generally, we know little about this condition. MDACL is diagnosed by MRI, showing a celery stalk sign, and is confirmed by tissue biopsy and histological examination [7]. -, Makino A, Pascual-Garrido C, Rolon A, Isola M, Muscolo DL. Hotchen AJ, Demetriou C, Edwards D, Melton JTK. 2022 Mar;14(1):76-89. doi: 10.4055/cios20163. Morice et al. Arthroscopic treatment of mucoid hypertrophy of the anterior cruciate ligament. Epub 2011 Feb 18. Kim TH, Lee DH, Lee SH, Kim JM, Kim CW, Bin SI. Introduction: Therefore, indications for ACL resection must be carefully selected. Results: Presentation Patients usually present with nonspecific posterior knee pain with restriction of flexion. Privacy 2019 Jun;32(6):577-583. doi: 10.1055/s-0038-1660514. As there was no control group in any of the studies and the natural history of MDACL is not known, the postoperative improvement may have been attributed to the placebo effect, simultaneous arthroscopic procedures or the postoperative rehabilitation, or may be due to the pain having resolved without treatment at all. Mucoid degeneration (MD) of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is a benign knee pathology, which is often indicated for surgical treatment if symptomatic. What you feel (symptoms) You feel heaviness in knee joint. Magnetic Resonance Imaging is the most useful tool for differentiating mucoid degeneration of the ACL from an intraligamentous ganglion or other lesions in the knee joint and if this disease is considered preoperatively, it can be diagnosed easily based on characteristic findings. 2011 Jun;25(6):650-2. Before Ligaments and tendons are accumulated by mucoid change might display a thickened and/or hypertrophied appearance, with an increase in signal intensity. 2. The rate of simultaneous meniscectomy ranged from 13 to 44%. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Sasaki R, Nagashima M, Takeshima K, Otani T, Okada Y, Aida S, Ishii K. J Int Med Res. Arthroscopic diagnostic criteria [7] are (1) continuous ACL fibres, (2) increased ACL volume, (3) yellowish-coloured material expressed on palpation and (4) loss of ACL synovial lining. Tamer Sweed. Pan African Medical Journal. Rehabilitation, orthophony, crenotherapy. MEDLINE, Embase, Google Scholar, Cochrane, ISI web of science and Scopus were comprehensively searched from the earliest year of indexing until 10 July 2020. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. 2004 Feb;20(2):141-6. doi: 10.1016/j.arthro.2003.11.030. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Anterior cruciate ligament mucoid degeneration: selecting the best treatment option. Mucoid degeneration of the anterior cruciate ligament (MD-ACL) was first characterized by Kumar et al. The need for delayed ACL reconstruction should be discussed preoperatively, especially if complete resection of the ACL is to be performed. 2. Open Grey database was searched for grey literature using the same keywords. Download Citation | On Feb 1, 2023, O.R. Sep 2017 - Feb 20186 months. 2001;30(6):312315. Anterior Cruciate Ligament, is an important structure of the knee joint. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. [17] do not mention whether any patients underwent biopsy (Table 3). Pandey, Vivek et al. 2007;245 (3): 916-7. Kim TH, Lee DH, Lee SH, Kim JM, Kim CW, Bin SI. Partial/Total ACL resection arthroscopically- There is marked improvement in the range and reduced posterior pain, but at the cost of increased post-operative knee laxity. Epidemiology The likelihood of mucoid change within ligaments and tendons increases with age 1. It contrasts with cystic lesions better known as synovial cysts or intercondylar fossa cysts. Symptomatic ACL mucoid degeneration in middle-age athletes. and transmitted securely. Would you like email updates of new search results? Its interstitial nature within the ACL structure contrasts with synovial cyst of the ACL. The aim of this study was to detail the clinical, radiological, arthroscopic, and pathological findings of mucoid degeneration of the anterior cruciate ligament and report the clinical outcomes following arthroscopic treatment. Bookshelf Terms and Conditions, Disclaimer. However, young patients should be forewarned about the risk of instability, and an anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction could be necessary. This bicentric, retrospective cohort study with an average follow-up of 6years involved 27 patients (29 knees) presenting with symptomatic ACL mucoid degeneration validated by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). "Traumatic theory - post injury, ACL fibroblasts secrete glycosaminoglycans, the mucin substance within the ACL. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. An official website of the United States government. There was strong association with chondral lesions and meniscal tears. in 1999 [1]. Indian J Orthop. Twenty-eight knees (97%) showed soft and/or delayed stops on postoperative Lachman testing. This infiltrating lesion is included in the mucoid pathology of the intercondylar fossa. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 19(8):13261333. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Management of mucoid degeneration of the anterior cruciate ligament: a systematic review, https://doi.org/10.1186/s43019-021-00110-6, https://doi.org/10.1302/0301-620X.81B2.0810304, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-011-1433-0, https://doi.org/10.2214/ajr.182.5.1821283, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-012-1991-9, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2003.11.030, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2009.06.005, http://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.php?ID=CRD42018087782, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1445-2197.2003.02748.x, http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2325967118786930, http://www.ijcrar.com/abstractview.php?ID=228&vol=4-11-2016&SNo=3, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2008.02.004, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jajs.2015.12.001, https://doi.org/10.4055/cios.2018.10.3.307, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/. -osis is a suffix denoting a process, condition, or state, the histology of the Achilles tendon and in ACL injuries(24-26). The mean age of patients ranged from 31 to 78years. Our study provides further evidence that arthroscopic total or partial excision of anterior cruciate ligament is a safe and effective treatment for mucoid degeneration of the anterior cruciate ligament, improving patient satisfaction and function without causing clinical instability in daily activities. The origin of MDACL may be degenerative or traumatic. Quadriceps and hamstring weakness are common features of people with symptomatic degenerative meniscal tears Surgery may address the structural injury, but . PROSPERO. Knee Surg & Relat Res 33, 26 (2021). Preoperative and postoperative KOOS questionnaires were compared and showed improvement in all categories. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2011 Aug 1;19(8):1326-33. I give my consent to Physiopedia to be in touch with me via email using the information I have provided in this form for the purpose of news, updates and marketing. government site. PMC the degree of laxity, and the patient's age and willingness to pursue vigorous postoperative physical therapy are other major determinants. 2011. el Kadi KI, Marcaillou F, Blanc S, Salloum B, Dimontagliari C, Boutayeb F. Pan Afr Med J. Reduction plasty for hypertrophic anterior cruciate ligament mucoid degeneration: clinical and knee laxity outcomes in 23 cases. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). mucoid degeneration of acl mri. Postoperative recovery was four weeks on average. Arthroscopy 24(6):642649. 2 ). Mucoid degeneration of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is a little-known entity. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Bergin D, Morrison WB, Carrino JA et-al. 2011;19(3):408411. Level of evidence: 42 Mucoid degeneration of the anterior cruciate ligament with erosion of the lateral femoral condyle P. Melloni, R. Valls, M. Yuguero, A. Saez Medicine 2022 Nov 24. doi: 10.1007/s00402-022-04659-z. Mucoid degeneration of the anterior cruciate ligament. This series describes the clinicoradiological presentation of patients with mucoid ACL, partial arthroscopic debridement of ACL and outcomes. Cite this article. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-012-1991-9, McIntyre J, Moelleken S, Tirman P (2001) Mucoid degeneration of the anterior cruciate ligament mistaken for ligamentous tears. Papadopoulou P. The celery stalk sign. Patients and methods: The aetiology of MDACL is not fully understood, hence, there are multiple theories on this. All nine included studies utilized MRI of the knee to establish a radiological diagnosis as an inclusion criterion. This study was registered on PROSPERO [10], an international prospective register of systematic reviews (CRD42018087782). 2021 Aug 21;33(1):26. doi: 10.1186/s43019-021-00110-6. Clin Orthop Surg. The appearance can mimic acute or chronic interstitial partial tears of the ACL. If arthroscopy is performed, the ligament may appear entirely normal, especially using the standard anterior portal approach. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Radiologic findings associated with mucoid degeneration of the anterior cruciate ligament. 2021 Oct 21;2021:5879121. doi: 10.1155/2021/5879121. Loss to follow up was not mentioned in the other five studies [3, 6, 15, 17, 19]. Would you like email updates of new search results? (A) Bulging of the hypertrophied anterior cruciate ligament. The purpose of this study was to investigate the outcome of management of MDACL by performing a systematic review of methods of treatment that have been reported. Besides, the patient may also have trouble in moving. MDACL is not uncommon, however, it is rarely symptomatic [4, 5]. Bergin et al. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies reported total resection of the ACL in 68% of patients: one young patient had disabling instability and subsequent ACL reconstruction. Mucoid degeneration,: like degenerative arthritis of a joint, generally occurs as a results of aging. report that one patient had ACL reconstruction simultaneously after the ACL debridement. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5413.128765, Article Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. Postoperative pain relief was reported in seven studies. 2023 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. have described the following MRI criteria [4]: (1) high signal intensity in the T1 and T2 sequences, (2) increased ACL volume and (3) continuous fibres of ACL shown in the T2 sequence. California Privacy Statement, Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. Due to the lack of specific symptoms and signs, its diagnosis is often delayed or even misdiagnosed in clinical practice [ [1] , [2] ]. J Chin Med Assoc. Association between magnetic resonance imaging characteristics and pathological findings in entire posterior cruciate ligament with mucoid degeneration. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1445-2197.2003.02748.x, Ekhtiari S, Horner NS, Bedi A, Ayeni OR, Khan M. The learning curve for the Latarjet procedure: a systematic review. Preoperative and postoperative results of eleven patient were compared. Mucoid Degeneration of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament: Characterization of Natural History, Femoral Notch Width Index, and Patient Reported Outcome Measures. 2008 Jun;24(6):642-9. doi: 10.1016/j.arthro.2008.02.004. In this systematic review we found that arthroscopic debridement resulted in good pain relief and improved range of motion and clinical outcome scores. ACL mucoid degeneration is an uncommon pathological condition; the pathogenesis, prevalence, and . statement and Mucoid degeneration (MD) of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is a rare pathological entity with disputed theories of origin. Google Scholar, Salvati F, Rossi F, Limbucci N, Pistoia ML, Barile A, Masciocchi C (2008) Mucoid metaplastic-degeneration of anterior cruciate ligament. Mucoid degeneration of both ACL and PCL. The .gov means its official. 1173185. (2018) Radiology. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43019-021-00110-6, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s43019-021-00110-6. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! eCollection 2013. An official website of the United States government. No reconstruction was performed at the same time. Chudasama CH, Chudasama VC, Prabhakar MM. and Ventura et al. The mean follow up ranged from 13 to 72months. Bergin D, Morrison WB, Carrino JA, Nallamshetty SN, Bartolozzi AR. Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction was required in only one young patient due to disabling instability. Anatomically, it is arranged in a crossed pattern with the Posterior Cruciate Ligament, forming an 'X', therefore, it is also known as cruciform ligament. 2020 Jun 2. el Kadi KI, Marcaillou F, Blanc S, Salloum B, Dimontagliari C, Boutayeb F. Mucoid degeneration of the anterior cruciate ligament: a case report. Mucoid degeneration of the ACL is suspected when an apparently thickened and ill-defined ligament with increased signal intensity on all sequences in MRI is identified in a patient with physically intact ligament and no obvious trauma history. Resnick D, Kransdorf MJ. The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is one of the more vital and more easily injured ligaments within our knee. -, McIntyre J, Moelleken S, Tirman P. Mucoid degeneration of the anterior cruciate ligament mistaken for ligamentous tears. It is characterized by infiltration of mucoid like substance (glycosaminoglycans) interspersed within the substance of ACL causing knee pain and limited motion. If you believe that this Physiopedia article is the primary source for the information you are refering to, you can use the button below to access a related citation statement. . There was no mention in the other three studies [13, 15, 18] of whether other procedures were performed simultaneously. This appearance can mimic acute or chronic interstitial partial tears of the ligament. Sweed, T., Mussa, M., El-Bakoury, A. et al. Keywords: mucoid degeneration, anterior cruciate ligament, acl reconstruction, arthroscopy, knee Mucoid degeneration of the ACL is suspected when an apparently thickened and ill-defined ligament with increased signal intensity on all sequences in MRI is identified in a patient with physically intact ligament and no obvious trauma history. Unable to process the form. Instrumental treatment. 2018;4(4):875-80. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Careers. Risk factors Predisposing factors include the following 1: aging The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is the most commonly injured of the major knee ligaments. (61years), which was the largest study and represented more than one third of the total patients included in this review. The clinical presentation is one of posterior pain with limited flexion. Glossary of terms for musculoskeletal radiology. Its signal is increased on all sequences. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. However, the authors did not report whether there were any other patients with symptomatic instability. This is a characteristic appearance of ACL mucoid degeneration where the ACL is expanded and hyperintense but is still continuous with normal alignment. in 1999 [ 1 ]. Management of mucoid degeneration of the anterior cruciate ligament: a systematic review. The site is secure. Indian J Orthop 48(2):197202. There was a high rate of association between degenerative lesions and MDACL, ranging from 39 to 96%. Ligaments hold our bones together and allow us to bend, twist, pivot and rapidly accelerate and decelerate and yet maintain the stability of our joints. All rights reserved. National Library of Medicine Its function is to stabilize the knee while bending and rotating; the ACL also keeps the knee from shifting out of place or moving anteriorly (toward the front) with pivoting activities. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 48(4):483487, PubMed In this review, the mean age of patients ranged from 31 to 78years; mean age was highest in the study of Kim et al. 2011 Aug;19(8):1326-33. doi: 10.1007/s00167-011-1433-0. Categories were determined in accordance with the study of Ekhtiari et al. Epub 2021 Mar 8. This may support the theory that it is a degenerative process. 2008;24(6):642649. What Is Mucoid Degeneration of the ACL? However, in the case of mucoid degeneration secondary signs of an ACL injury are usually absent. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Background: The lesion may manifest as an elongated cyst along the long axis of the ACL, or as an enlarged ACL. 8600 Rockville Pike proposed a different intervention called reduction plasty, whereby the hypertrophic ACL is reduced to normal size without excision of all mucoid substance [17]. Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) Mucoid Degeneration Anatomy Anterior Cruciate Ligament, is an important structure of the knee joint. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Anterior cruciate ligament ganglia and mucoid degeneration: Coexistence and clinical correlation. PMC Shimasaki K, Yoshioka T, Kanamori A, Yamazaki M. Case Rep Orthop. Arthroscopy 20(2):141146. CAS -, Fealy S, Kenter K, Dines JS, Warren RF. A September 2018 MRI of the left knee showed anterior cruciate ligament and mucoid degeneration with intra cruciate ganglion . Anterior cruciate ligament mucoid degeneration: a review of the literature and management guidelines. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the By using this website, you agree to our Copyright 2010 Elsevier Masson SAS. Role of ultrasound-guided decompression in management of mucoid degeneration of the anterior cruciate ligament. In six of the nine studies [6, 14, 16,17,18], arthroscopic debridement of the ACL was associated with simultaneous partial meniscectomy; this ranged from 13% in the study of Morice et al. Conclusions: Mucoid degeneration of the ACL is a clinical condition afflicting active middle-aged people without a single significant traumatic episode with a specific MRI picture. https://doi.org/10.4055/cios.2018.10.3.307, University Hospitals of Derby and Burton, Uttoxeter Rd, Derby, DE22 3NE, UK, Trauma and Orthopaedic Speciality Trainee, West Midlands Deanery, Birmingham Rotation, Birmingham, UK, University Hospitals Plymouth NHS Trust, Plymouth, UK, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt, University Hospital Coventry and Warwickshire, Clifford Bridge Road, Walsgrave, Coventry, CV2 2DX, UK, You can also search for this author in Postoperative ACL laxity is common after arthroscopic ACL debridement, however, symptomatic instability is not. National Library of Medicine Epub 2013 Aug 27. A historical cohort of patients who underwent arthroscopic total or partial excision of the anterior cruciate ligament due to mucoid degeneration between 2011 and 2014 were reviewed. Twelve partial and 17 total resections were performed. An official website of the United States government. Mucoid degeneration of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is a very rare cause of knee pain. Conclusion: Treatment of ACL mucoid degeneration by this modality is effective in preventing recurrence, post-operative laxity and provides better functional outcome compared to the classical partial resection of the degenerated ACL. Mucoid degeneration of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) of the knee can cause knee pain and other symptoms. There was strong association between degenerative changes and MDACL (82% having chondral and 69% meniscal lesions), which might suggest that MDACL is a degenerative process. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Both anterior cruciate ligament ganglion cysts and mucoid degeneration have a high association with intraosseous cysts [3] (figures 1 and 2). ACL ganglion cyst at arthroscopy may appear as a cystic mass with . The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Treatment for MDACL usually starts non-surgically with anti-inflammatory drugs and physiotherapy. MeSH Arthroscopic debridement of the mucoid degeneration of the ACL was safe and effective in the patient. Case report: On physical exam, the Lachman test for ACL instability is negative with an ACL ganglion. https://doi.org/10.1302/0301-620X.81B2.0810304, Article (10%) and highest in the study of Ventura et al. Young and active patients should be warned about the risk of requiring secondary ligamentoplasty. This study concerns complete ACL resec I have multiple issues - spondylolisthesis in L4/L5 and L5/S1, osteopenia and osteoarthritis. Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) mucoid degeneration, along with tears and anterior cruciate ligament ganglion cysts, is a relatively common cause of increased signal within the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). Mucoid degeneration of ACL. The .gov means its official. Seven of the nine studies reported using the Lachman test to check postoperative ACL laxity. Every time when patient flexes the knee, thickened ACL impinges over posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) in the knee, causing knee pain and limited motion. It is commonly identified on MRI in association with other pathological findings and can be confused with partial ACL tears. Google Scholar, Lintz F, Pujol N, Boisrenoult P, Bargoin K, Beaufils P, Dejour D (2011) Anterior cruciate ligament mucoid degeneration: a review of the literature and management guidelines.