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The Hmong are members of an ethnic group that have not had a country of their own. The baby is given lots of affection and attention, physical and social contact with mothers, grandmothers and older siblings. Domestic violence is the only problem in which family members and clan leaders still try to resolve it first before resorting to the US legal system. In Face Processing, 2006. In the homeland, there was no fence to separate one persons farm from anothers farm and still, there was no theft issue. For a period of time following this ritual, visitors are not allowed to come into the house, wear shoes and carry handbags into the house. The Hmong are an ethnic group from the mountainous regions of China, Vietnam, Laos, and Thailand. (Donnelly, 2006). (Lee and Pfeifer, 2005). Feelings of isolation and helplessness (due to physical health or acculturation factors like lack of English language skills) are possible reasons for many of the undiagnosed/untreated mental health cases among Hmong adults and elderly. In general, Hmong Catholics are more likely than Hmong Protestants to accommodate some forms of traditional animist practices within their new faith framework. Vue, L. & Lor, K. (June 24, 2006). In 1975, many Hmong-Lao fled to Thailand as refugees, escaping the persecution and retaliation of the Lao communist government. Hmong Association of Washington Southeast Asian Mutual Assistance Association Coalition (SEAMAAC) For example, status comes with roles like mayor of the village, district chief, shaman, herbalist or clan leader. In Seattle, the Lao Highland Community Center is a membership organization located at 3925 S. Bozeman St., in the Rainier Valley. The traditional wedding itself can last days, with chant readings and feasting. Growing flax to weave cloth and make clothes is a very hard and sophisticated job, requiring the ingenuity and perseverance . Jefferson, North Carolina, and London: McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. Mammogram, Pap smear or rectal exams were not available back in the homeland. A new study published in PLOS Genetics compares genomic factors underlying facial features in East Africans and Europeans to reveal unique and common factors, enhancing our understanding of how . The organization was established by a coalition of Mien, Hmong and Khmuu people in May 2005, after eight years of planning. The Hmong people of southeast Asia live in remote mountain communities. Advances in artificial intelligence have led to the increased use of facial-recognition technology. Lo, P. & Magagnini, S. Hmong Community Debates Dowry Cap. Youth/Generational conflicts: Children raised in the US have more understanding of the English language, American history and values portrayed by the media. Grass Hmong's dermatoglyphy is close to HmongMien populations. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. (Hmong Cultural Center, 2000). Multiple-choice. A shaman is the supreme spiritual healer whose primary means of patient care is to travel to the spirit world. Many Hmong in the United States continue to practice some form of the Hmong animist tradition. A decrease in extended families living together has led to loss of social support for elderly parents. There are some university-level courses offered in the language. Clans bridge the broad cultural divisions that are thought to reflect the migration of different groups of Hmong from central China. They sold opium to itinerant traders, usually Chinese, in return for silver. The symptoms of soul loss include weakness, tiredness, fever and headache, loss of appetite with extra thirst, insomnia or dreams of being in a strange place with a stranger. Facial features in all languages. Hmong neighborhoods that are still more visible are those in California and Minnesota. Increasingly, American-born Hmong are not fluent speakers of Hmong. Westerners have jaws that are less sharp and lips that are wider looking. The original home of the Hmong is thought to have been in the Huang He (Yellow River) basin of central China. The family is divided into individual extended families consisting of spouses, children, parents and siblings. The leader accepts responsibility for giving advice and solving problems. Laos is landlocked and shares borders with Thailand to the west, Burma to the northwest, China to the north, Vietnam to the east and Cambodia to the south. Chinese text suggests the Hmong originated in 2300 B.C. (Australian Centre for International and Tropical Health at the University of Queensland, 2003), Traditionally, the woman is kept warm for three days post-partum, and touching cold water is prohibited. If the visitor does not sit on the familys furniture, family members might assume that the visitor thinks that something is wrong with their furniture, or that the visitor assumes a higher status than the family. The soul may be lost due to injury, wounds, a fall, a loud noise, being unconscious (including from anesthesia), fear, or feeling sad and lonely. Due to the food bias, Hmong people practicing the new religion may decline to attend family gatherings organized by relatives who still practice shamanism, weakening the Hmong community network. The sub clan is divided into smaller groups of families, or ceremonial households, who share the same ancestor. In the US today, many families attempt to have a food table for young men/adult men and young girls/women so that everyone can eat at the same time. (Culhane-Pera, et.al., 2003) This talks about how a hospital in Merced, California is welcoming the role of Hmong shamans. Discipline is usually administered after the guests have left. Hmong people are traditionally not individualistically oriented, but identify the self as a member of the family, clan and community. This issue contributes to social problems caused by teenagers having no supervision at home after school. According to the 2000 Census, the largest population of Hmong in the U.S. numbers more than 65,000 in California; followed by 41,800 in Minnesota; 33, 791 in Wisconsin; 7,093 in North Carolina; 5383 in Michigan; 3000 in Colorado; 2101 in Oregon; 1468 in Georgia; 1294 in Washington; and 1127 in Massachusetts. In particular surgery may conflict with beliefs that a person needs all his/her body parts for reincarnation, that surgery weakens the body or leaves the body open to evil spirits entering. The negotiation and gift of bride wealth is a tradition still practiced by most Hmong in the United States, and can amount to a large sum of money and other gifts. For important ceremonies, the head of the table in not on midway on the side but is at the end corner of the side that is closest to where the altar is placed. There may be resistance to vaccines and problems of adherence to treatments that require long-term sustained use of medicine. Today, in the US, the US legal system is sought to resolve such offenses, with the exception of domestic violence. Many of these large-scale Hmong New Year celebrations also include fashion shows. Due to respect, a widow cannot marry her husbands older brother because he is like a parent to her has higher birth status than her husband . Rice is usually eaten at every meal, along with everyday dishes of meats, fish and vegetables, grilled, fried boiled and spiced. Lee, T.P., Pfeifer, M.E. In the homeland, all the household members go the farm and come back home together; or in a situation where a child did go to school, the parents would be back from the farm when school is out. Most people lost loved ones during and/or after the war. Healing by Heart: Clinical and Ethical Case Stories of Hmong Families and Western Providers (pp.13, 15-16; 26-27; 31-47; 56, 151). Extended families often live together under the same roof, though may separate to different dwellings as siblings marry and have children. This is a dish common for many adults and elder people, even in the US today. The couple may come together in various ways, including mutual consent, elopement, or parental arrangement. When talking to less assimilated Hmong persons it may be necessary to repeat questions and allow extra time for responses. After the 1975 communist takeover in Laos, Hmong soldiers and family fled Laos to refugee camps in Thailand. Hmong culture emphasizes relationships between relatives and clan members, with respect for elders and strong families. The ceremony is an occasion for naming the child and for relatives and community members to offer blessings and words of wisdom to the child. The human face is the most anterior portion of the human head. See a May 25, 2013 New York Times article about a program in which construction and maintenance of community gardens and adjoining meeting spaces for Hmong and other immigrant communities are made possible by the California Mental Health Services Act of 2004. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like How does Dr. Tsai operationally define emotional response in this study?, If Hmong Americans tend to have fewer and weaker facial expressions of emotion than European Americans, how might this affect the diagnosis rates for depression in these two groups?, A person wakes up happy. The affinity of sub clan members to each other is great. In the US, especially in big cities such as Seattle, St. Paul, etc., there are several Hmong New Year celebration events organized by different groups. Traditionally a woman has prestige because her husband has social status. Hmong is an advanced oral language and highly expressive; it includes proverbs, poem-songs, plain language of morality tales and ancestral stories, flowery speech of elders, code speech of sweethearts, and antique language of wedding and funeral rituals. Hmong American Concepts of Health, Healing and Conventional Medicine (pp. Members of a shared ceremonial family those who can trace common ancestors between them, rather than people belonging to a clan or sub-clan by virtue of a shared name can die and have funerals in one anothers house. Missionaries in China in the 1800s and in Laos in the 1900s first introduced Christianity to the Hmong. (Minnesota Council of Nonprofits, 2004), In California, 18 clans met in Fresno to put a cap on the dowry price. The marriage event is the creation of a new family, a bond between the couple and the families, and a strengthening of past family and community connections in the people present. Clan leaders will typically settle any dispute between two Hmong persons or between different clans. Many women continue making tradition-derived needlework that finds its way to market, usually through fairs or the Pike Place Market. In cases of serious sickness or misfortune, a shaman is invited to the house, where he enters a possessive trance in order to visit the otherworld and locate the missing soul of the patient. Washington, D.C., St. Paul, Minnesota. This is because they are big and can easily be seen by any individual. A couple may elope or marry without parental permission, but the more usual and proper custom involves the groom, or a go-between, gaining permission of the brides parents, or an engagement is arranged by both sets of parents. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Among the Hmong American population 16 years and over, 17% work in the managerial, professional and related occupations; 21% work in sales & office occupations; 16% work in s service occupations; less than 1% in farming, forestry, & fishing; 5% in construction & maintenance; 42% in production & transportation. (2004) Kinship Networks Among Hmong-American Refugees, (pp.51). The most common translation of Hmong clan names to facilitate American pronunciation is the following (with the common English spelling first, and the Hmong spelling in parenthesis): : Chang (Tsab); Chue (Tswb); Cheng (Tsheej); Fang (Faj); Her (Hawj); Hang (Taag White Hmong/Haam Green Hmong); Khang (Khab): Kong (Koo): Kue (Kwm); Lee (Lis); Lor (Lauj): Moua (Muas/Zag); Pha (Phab): Thao (Thoj): Vang (Vaj White Hmong /Vaaj Green Hmong): Vue (Vwj); Xiong (Xyooj): and Yang (Yaj). The sequence of events at a wedding is carried through by a series of songs marking each moment of the brides transition, sung by two go-betweens appointed respectively by the brides and the bridegrooms side. The changing role has lead to marital problems in cases where there is no mutual understanding and support for the wife to work. Chan, S. (1994). Women prefer natural tearing and healing to clinical episiotomies. Human Anatomy Fundamentals: Advanced Facial Features Joumana Medlej Last updated May 9, 2014 23 likes Read Time: 16 min Illustration Drawing Human Anatomy Facial Features Art This post is part of a series called Human Anatomy Fundamentals. Historically as part of the household etiquette and respect, the father in-law may not go into the son and daughter-in-laws bedroom; and, the daughter in-law does not enter her mother-in-law and father in-laws bedroom. Even women who are shamans and herbalists and whose talents and skills are acknowledged by the community dont have the same status as the men. From 1963-1975 during the Vietnam War and the CIAs secret war in Laos, the Hmong were recruited for their military skill and trained and fought on the side of the United States. Most of the population does not have access to clean drinking water. When a person visits a family, all members of the family are expected to greet the guest by saying welcome (koj tuaj los which literally means you have come). The concept of contagion is not new to the Hmong in understanding diseases like TB and Chickenpox. Most traditional Hmong families do not want to hear direct comments about their children, especially infants and babies. Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press. Solid foods were introduced when a child showed interest and were mostly the same foods adults ate, just watered down versions. For themselves, women made the pleated skirts and embroidered clothing which remains the traditional dress. From the late 19th through the 20th century the Hmong have periodically risen up in armed revolt against colonial and postcolonial authorities, a response to the exploitation and hardship imposed by more dominant peoples. It is very common for Hmong families to visit one another without setting up an appointment. In fact in any culture this is true. The year 2006 marks the relocation of Hmong out of Wat Tham Krabok to a more isolated place in Thailand where many Hmong are deprived access to join families in the U.S., and where they continue to fear for their own lives. Census data indicate that 55.6 percent of Hmong in the US were foreign-born and of those 68.6 percent were not citizens. He cannot think of anything that makes today . In both ceremonies, animals are sacrificed in thanks for the child and his/her souls. Over centuries, people migrated south into Tibet and China, in the provinces of Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan, and Hunan. For Green Hmong the adult name is giving by the husbands parents. (2005). Hmong, ethnic group living chiefly in China and Southeast Asia and speaking Hmong, one of the Hmong-Mien languages (also known as Miao-Yao languages). Saykao, P. (1997). (32x32 grid). Through pleas for asylum brought by Hmong human rights groups in the U.S., in June 2004 refugees from Wat Tham Krabok began arriving in the U.S. Hmong will commonly grow vegetables and herbs in their gardens or yards here in the US. Smaller descent groups within these clans comprise people united through a known common ancestor and shared ancestral rituals. Before entering a Hmong home, ask if visitors are allowed to enter. Through this article, we will discover its various features and influences on the Hmong community. Phone: (202) 463-2118, Lao Family Community, Inc. of Tulare County About 1,000 Hmong live in Seattle, Burien, Renton, Bellevue, Mount Lake Terrace, and Carnation. Hmong believe the liver is the center and regulator of human emotions, playing a role in mental health and personality. Shaking hands is a new behavior for Hmong women and they may be embarrassed shaking hands with a male or holding hands too tightly during a handshake. New villages could be a considerable distance away from a groups previous locale. Conditions in the camps were horrible; there was little food, sanitation or clean water. Human Anatomy Fundamentals: Basics of the Face Human Anatomy Fundamentals: Mastering Facial Expressions (Culhane-Pera, Vawter, Xiong, Babitt and Solberg, 2003) (Lee and Pfeifer, 2005). Family members of the deceased may refuse autopsies, and reasons for this include belief that intact body parts and organs are needed for smooth reincarnation and response to rumors that organs are taken out for eating and for sale. In the US, many Hmong now use the Western pattern of the given name first, followed by the clan name, and some women adopt their husbands clan name as their own. The reason is that she belongs to her husband and her in-laws household, so she is called only by her husbands name once she is married. Adult and elderly males are looked upon for wisdom and skills for handling marital conflicts and problems within the community. In traditional Hmong culture, the son and his wife are to live with the parents and care for them in old age. In marriage, a young couple maintains a deep connection with family, often finding among kin financial assistance, shared living space, childcare, and guidance. Retrieved September 19, 2006, Hmong National Development, Inc. & Hmong Cultural Resource Center (2003). When the guest leaves, they are encouraged to come back and visit (mus hos tuaj). People greet each other verbally and men shake hands. Some elderly Hmong might consult with relatives or the clan leader or a community member with knowledge of the legal system before permitting the police to enter their home. Economics/jobs: Many parents must both work in order to earn a living or to pursue their economic goals, leaving many teenage kids home alone. The median age for Hmong in the US is 16.1 years compared to 35.3 years for the entire US population. Retrieved September 19, 2006, from Hmong Cultural and Resource Center of Minnesota. In Laos, at four, five or six years old a child helps keep watch on the house, doing tasks like hauling water, shucking, milling corn, and carrying a baby sibling; usually a grandmother, uncle or other adult would be nearby in the cluster of family houses. At marriage the bride joins her husbands household. Also, many Hmong in the United States have embraced Christianity, Protestantism or Roman Catholicism. The most prominent feature in the face of the Japanese people is their eyes. Today, some Hmong women may not seek early prenatal care for this reason. It is considered to be impolite to simply decline a drink, food or gift offered to you. Family members are bound by bloodline and share the responsibility and name for the family. Former CIA Director Colby credited Hmong with saving thousands of U.S. soldiers by blocking the North Vietnamese from extending the Ho Chi Minh Trail into Laos. The reputations of care providers, those trusted and those not trusted, are shared in the community. They have lighter brown eye color to hazel eyes. They learn from other shaman. Traditionally, the engagement follows a strict protocol of negotiations held between the brides parents and the groom, with the support of his male relatives. The differences between White and Green Hmong can be compared to the kinds that exist between British and American English. Hmong is a member of the Miao-Yao (Hmong-Mien) language family, considered unrelated to other languages. In a time of need, an individual will first turn to the clan. Can find topics such as Hmong Clans, Traditional Hmong Religion, Etiquette for Interacting with the Hmong, Information for Visitors to a Hmong Home http://www.hmongcc.org/ Hmong are restricted from marrying someone in their same clan. The climate is tropical monsoon, with a rainy season May to November and a dry season December to April. Learn more about theannual Hmong New Year Celebration at Seattle Center. Hmong families in the US average 6.51 persons compared to 3.14 persons overall US families. Due to their sense of family values being more important than the individual, Hmong settled in cities or states where relatives resided. (Hmong Cultural Center, 2000) If the patient doesnt receive anything, there is less chance of the person returning for a follow-up appointment or seeking future healthcare services. (Culhane-Pera, et.al., 2003). (Cha, 2003). Usually the father makes most of the important decisions for the family. Many people drowned or were killed. US studies have shown high rates of depression, often related to the life situation difficulties of the Hmong refugee especially difficulties of adjusting to life in the US. Phone : (916) 394-1405 Fax : (916) 392-9326, Healthy House Within a MATCH Coalition The best time to explore the Hmong Ethnic group is during their festivals. The medicine doctor gains knowledge of diagnosis and treatment by apprenticing with another healer and from the guidance of her helping spirits. Medical examinations of the breast or private parts are sensitive issues in the Hmong community (as well as other ethnicities not used to Western medical practices). Traditionally, women are hard working and hospitable, primarily caring for the household and raising children, not going to school or holding a job outside the home. Hmong teach their children to be well behaved in the presence of guests. Generally a Hmong patient expects that he/she will receive medicine when visiting the doctor. In Laos, bottle-feeding was not an option for Hmong mothers due to the high cost and inaccessibility of formula and cows milk. Traditional costumes are optional for men, but most of the women wear traditional clothing, said Lor. Traditionally, Hmong use home therapies for common aliments. Hmong is tonal, so that the meaning of the word changes when pronounced differently. If you compare Mongolians to south Han Chin. But sometimes, the male head of the immediate household involves relatives including uncles, cousins, or even clan leaders in important decisions. NEAR REAL-TIME ROBUST FACE AND FACIAL-FEATURE DETECTION WITH INFORMATION-BASED MAXIMUM DISCRIMINATION. A traditional Hmong belief is that ill health may be the result of the soul wandering from the body unable to find its way home. The newborn may therefore be greeted by expressions such as you are ugly in order to fool the spirits and protect the baby. Traditional animists may be more willing to attend Christian rituals than their Christian counterparts are willing to attend animist rituals. 1729 Canal Street Merced, CA 95340 Updates? Several Hmong families have established truck farms near Woodinville, selling vegetables and flowers in the Pike Place Market in Seattle. The Hmong language is divided into two main dialects, Green Hmong (sometimes called Blue Hmong) and White Hmong. A ceremony takes place 3 days after the childs birth, and is an occasion for naming the child and a time for the family to show love for the child and for relatives and community members to offer blessings and words of wisdom to the child. Disclaimer:EthnoMedis designed for educational purposes only and is not rendering medical advice or professional services. In US cities, the New Year is held on different dates so people can attend more than one localitys celebration. One common conflict is the misperception of being adult at 18 years old. Since the late 18th century, the Hmong alone among the Miao groups have slowly migrated out of the southern provinces of China, where about 2.7 million still remain. In the U.S., the contributions elders can make to their families based on their relevant life experiences have changed from what they were in Laos.