I didn't fear law enforcement, or jail, or death. To escape, he turned FBI informant and betrayed his own father. Calabrese testified on August 16, 2007, that he was not a "made" member of the Chicago Outfit, but he acknowledged that he put out street loans and that he paid a mob boss some of the proceeds. "From now on, I own you," he told his son. The pizza joint and several high-end condo's where Junior lived out have 'Frank the Breeze' convinced that his son turned on him for money and that Junior has cleaned out family investments. Pedro Garcia, who was serving a life sentence at a prison north of Las Vegas, died on Jan. 15. "The whole neighborhood was filled with tough guys. As he got older, though, Calabrese Jr. noticed a change in his dad. A teenager was fatally shot Friday morning in a northeast Las Vegas apartment complex. The investigation led to indictments of 14 defendants who were affiliated with the Chicago Outfit, which has been one of the most prolific organized crime enterprises in the United States.[2]. He slams the door, turns and sticks a gun in my cheek. I dont want you to cross that line with your dad or the mob, Calabrese Jr. recalls his uncle telling him. ". He died in December 2012. Calabrese's arrest record dates from 1954, when he served two years in prison for a violation of the Dyer Act (auto theft). In the letter, Frank Jr. requested a face-to-face meeting in which he planned to give the FBI information about his father's crimes, business activities of the Chicago Outfit street crews, and the murder of John Fecorotta:[5] "This is no game. He became determined that as soon as he was released he would make a new life for himself. And he's not going to be happy with me.". All of the mob bosses convicted in Family Secrets owe a total of $24 million in fines and restitution. Were the FBI, and were good at what we do, but this guy was able to hide in plain sight and commit 14 homicides.. Calabrese said he would see what he could do, Stolfe said, and soon said the payment "only" had to be $100,000. Dec. 27, 2012. "He started to involve me in little things," Calabrese said. His head is shaved, accentuating his large ears and piercing blue eyes. Even though Calabrese Sr. swiveled his. A 19-page letter written by the outfit killer is as wordy as . Don't miss the big stories. During the FBIs first few prison visits at the start of the investigation, Calabrese Jr. went into great detail about the Fecarotta murder, which would eventually lead agents to Calabrese Jr.s uncle, Nick, the man who had carried out the crime. "If you were sitting with him here right now, you'd love him. Once the appeals are complete, the government will auction off Calabrese's possessions that have been seized, including $500 and $1,000 bills worth much more than face value. If my father told me to walk full-speed into that wall, I would.". ", Calabrese says he's resigned to the grip his father has, and will for ever have, over him. "His position is, you can do what you want to me and God's the ultimate arbiter of what I've done if I've done anything ," said Lopez. Then relatives of family members will receive recompense. When he speaks, though, Calabrese does so with a surprising softness and introspection. Calabrese said he doesn't blame the store for canceling the event, and doesn't want to see anyone get hurt. The government had more than 600 exhibits and called more than 100 witnesses, including both Calabrese Jr. and his uncle. Frank Calabrese Jr. was a government informant who helped take down several major mob figures in a landmark case referred to as "Operation Family Secrets" by the FBI. Calabrese Sr., 71, was one of several reputed mobsters convicted in 2009 in a racketeering conspiracy that included 18 decades-old murders. She had thrown him out a week earlier after a family argument. ( 269 ) $11.99. Tonight at 10 p.m.: The loved ones of men murdered by the mob and what they have to say about ex-mobsters making profits from books and screenplays. The 47-year-old Calabrese Jr., stricken with multiple sclerosis, limped into court on a cane, taking the witness stand a mere 10 yards from his father. Art was imitating life, or was itthe other way round? He was 75. It allowed him to kick his cocaine addiction, and to become healthy once again. In Operation Family Secrets,Frank details how he helped the FBI convict his father of . But Calabrese revealed how his relationship with his father soured. Holy pictures. Josephine and Hilario Barboza were found dead in North Las Vegas on Tuesday. Even though Calabrese Sr. swiveled his chair for a direct look at his son, the two did not appear to make eye contact. All of the murders and the other crimes charged to the defendants were allegedly committed to further the Outfit's illegal activities, such as loansharking and bookmaking, and protecting the enterprise from law enforcement. In my heart, it felt that I had just seen my dad for the last time alive, he said. For a key prosecution witness in a massive mob case that took down 14 top mafia bosses, Frank Calabrese Jr comes across as remarkably relaxed. Calabrese died at the age of 75, on December 25, 2012, at the Federal Medical Center, Butner, North Carolina. It was an instant death warrant. It's going to beOK. Man, I wasn't prepared for that. Calabrese Sr., 71, was one of several reputed mobsters convicted in 2009 in a racketeering conspiracy that included 18 decades-old murders. The pizza joint and several high-end condo's where Junior lived out have 'Frank the Breeze' convinced that his son turned on him for money and that Junior has cleaned out family investments. [19] However, the threat resulted in Calabrese being placed in highly restrictive lockdown during his stay in the Metropolitan Correctional Center in Chicago while awaiting sentencing. WELCOME TO HIRED GUN INDIA . john aylward notre dame; randy newberg health problems After the trial ended and the elder Calabrese was given multiple life sentences, the FBI searched his home and found $2m-worth of diamonds and almost $800,000 in bills and property deeds. Learn more at https://themobmuseum.org ABC7 lost the trail of Calabrese, Jr. at his grandmother's desert home. It was not difficult for Frank Jr. to direct his conversations in the prison courtyard and recreational facilities with his father toward information that would benefit the FBI's rapidly assembling investigation. Calabrese Sr., along with four other defendants, went to trial in Chicago between June and September 2007. It's a bit like listening to Tony Soprano talking to his therapist (Calabrese is a big Sopranos fan he watched the whole series with his mother and ex-wife, wincing at the parallels with his own family). In this video, Calabrese tells the poignant story of how he decided to testify against his father, a cold-blooded killer.To learn more about the \"Family Secrets\" case, visit our blog: https://themobmuseum.org/blog/epic-family-secrets-trial-crippled-chicago-outfit/The Museum is a 501c3 nonprofit organization in downtown Las Vegas with a mission to advance the public understanding of organized crimes history and impact on American society. I thought about killing him when we got out, but he would kill me first. In a desperate move to break free and to keep his habit fed, Calabrese began stealing from a cache of about $700,000 in $50 notes his father had tucked behind a wall in his grandmother's basement. Most important, it freed him from his father's control. The white-haired Stolfe, 67, said he confided in only his close associate, Donald "Captain D" DiFazio, about the payoffs, keeping even his wife in the dark. Celebrezze ( Democratic Party) ran for re-election for judge of the Ohio Eighth District Court of Appeals. The older man looked puzzled for a second, then relaxed and backed off. Calabrese and eight of his crew memberssons Frank Calabrese Jr., and Kurt Calabrese, brother Nick Calabrese, Louis Bombacino, Philip Tolomeo, Kevin Kudulis, Terry Scalise and Philip Fiore were eventually arrested. Calabrese prose turns threatening as he writes about one relative who is cheating in his city job: "If he does not cooperate in telling us the truth, someone is going to give this information to TV news forecasters like Chuck Goady and the newspaper. The start of his testimony Tuesday was one of the most anticipated moments of the trial -- code named Family Secrets because defendant Frank Calabrese Sr.'s son and brother had done the unthinkable, squealing on a reputed mob brother and blood relative. "I'm supposed to be at Taste of Chicago," he said. But he continues to refuse. Man found fatally shot inside North Side home: Chicago police, Downstate judge rules assault weapons ban violates state constitution, Tom Sizemore dead at 61 after suffering brain aneurysm, 6 injured in multi-vehicle wreck on Near West Side, Inmate beaten to death in Cook County Jail's max security wing: police, CPD officer shot, killed as kids played outside school: prosecutors, Indiana state trooper killed responding to weather-related crash, Car dealership workers kidnapped, tortured in armed robbery: police, Woman buys new tires that turn out to be 9 years old, Fast-moving storm makes for messy commute in south suburbs, NW Indiana, Deadly Highland Park attack was planned for years: search warrant, Read Frank Calabrese Sr.'s recent letter to family friend Frank Coconate. But both men claim that before their dad went away he stashed millions of dollars in proceeds from mob rackets. [9] "Family Secrets" was unprecedented for naming the entire Chicago Outfit as a criminal enterprise. While Mr. Coconate decided not to discuss the matter on television, he did provide ABC7 with the letter from Frank: - in which Calabrese launches a series of questions about the personal, criminal, business and investment activities of his son Frank, Jr. and brother Nick, the mobsters who turned on him and testified against him at trial, - "Frankie, Jr. does not know how to be a trew (sic) friend to anyonehe lies so much its (sic) patheticI pray with gods (sic) blessings. ABC7 has obtained a bizarre letter from Calabrese that may have put him in isolation. Slate Magazine: Where do mob nicknames come from? I love my dad to this day, Ijust don't love his ways. Wear baseball caps, not fedoras, ski jackets, not trenchcoats.". 4 says, Questions remain after Lake Jackson police fatally shoot chase suspect, Son charged with father's murder after standoff in League City: Police, 10,000-pound bar traps person's legs in SW Houston, firefighters say, Last year, federal marshals found $750,000 in cash. Stolfe said he sold his 1962 Oldsmobile Starfire to buy his first Connie's location on West 26th Street near Chinatown, and he operated for nearly two decades before the mob paid a visit. "It was like, 'Hey, son, do this for your dad. The younger Calabrese's own brush with murder came in 1986 when he was chosen to take part in a hit on John "Big Stoop" Fecarotta. The letter to Coconate names several Calabrese relatives and acquaintances whom Calabrese wants to help in his case, possibly the upcoming sentencing. That I may be on the streets some day". Operation Family Secrets really started with the murder of John Big Stoop Fecarotta, which happened Sept. 14, 1986, Maseth said at the Mob Museum, standing alongside Calabrese Jr. "When Ibought into it, I bought into it strong. Whatever my father told me to do, that's what I did. The 2007 trial lasted three months and took into account 18 murders. (AP Photo/Lisa Genesen), Mobster Anthony Spilotro with his wife, Nancy, at his racketeering trial in Las Vegas. While I was in these conversations I felt like his savior and his crucifier.. In his typewritten letter, Calabrese portrays himself as a man of God and a person of deep prayer, even though he appears to be threatening friends, relatives and acquaintances throughout the composition. The charges were announced the next morning by the U.S. Attorney's Office in Chicago. Let me see it," he said. He's known as 'Frank the Breeze' and for good reason. (2014) The Bobby Luisi Show Self. In 2009, Lombardo, seated in a wheelchair, was sentenced to life in prison for the convictions. It was a tattoo that almost got Frank Calabrese killed. "Not overseas accounts, he didn't do anything overseas, he did cash, so if he did anything it's cash, and it's hidden," said Kurt Calabrese. Calabrese was shown by his father how to hug someone to see if they were carrying agun or wearing a wire. backed up by his uncle Nick, who had also turned prosecution witness. He had a choice. Frank Capri, co-owner of Gaslight Square's new Parma Italian Roots restaurant, is arrested and charged with fraud, conspiracy and money laundering tied to "63 restaurant projects that either closed after opening, were left unfinished or never started," The Arizona Republic reports. He wore a pair of headphones around his neck fit by the FBI with a hidden microphone to record conversations between the father and son. Hear the amazing stories of how Frank Jr cooperated with . Stolfe said he eventually put Calabrese on the payroll as a "spotter," ostensibly to keeptrack of pizza delivery trucks. What his father did all day was a mystery to the young boy. The one-page letter that would effectively dismantle the Chicago Outfit was 20 years in the making, according to Calabrese Jr. Part of me wanted to go over to him and hug him and say, Dad, I'm going to take care of you. "Their fingers got cut and everybody puts the fingers together and all the blood running down. Strangely enough, Stolfe said, Calabrese had just been to his office for the first time in years, the only hint in Tuesday's testimony that Calabrese was in on the extortion from the beginning. The decision to turn informant against his own father was taken in 1998 inside Milan prison where both Frank Calabreses were sent after being found guilty of racketeering and illegal gambling. Lopez asked. Fearing that he could be beaten or his business burned down, Stolfe said, he agreed to pay. Las Vegas police officers found a woman suffering from gunshot wounds around 2 a.m. in the 4000 block of West Viking Road. The attorney, who had exchanged his trademark pink socks for red ones Tuesday to match a blazing red tie, said he had heard DiFazio is a sharp dresser. Calabrese said he was moving from job to job and using powder cocaine when he went to one of his father's hiding spots and stole $200,000 in cash to help open a Lake Street restaurant. Frank Jr personally recounts his days and nights working as a soldier in his father's Chinatown crew. My father told me to drive Fords and Chevies, not Cadillacs or BMWs. Viewing this as a great opportunity, the FBI agreed to Frank Jr.'s proposal. - Calabrese, Sr. is especially interested in Junior's whereabouts, businesses and purchases since his son testified in court, publicly connecting his father to numerous gangland murders. He was more violent, paranoid. It's now vacant. And he made the one easier to find with the less cash in it," said Frank Calabrese Jr. At the FBI in Chicago, spokesman Ross Rice says "55 gallon drums have been searched [by agents] in various venues, with negative results." [7], On March 21, 1997, Calabrese and his sons pleaded guilty to the charges, just weeks before they were set to go to trial. Deadly crashes involving marijuana are rising in Nevada. And it was from the Metropolitan Correctional Center that 'the Breeze' sent a letter to an old family friend, Frank Coconate. When Maseth approached Nick Calabrese about the information he had learned from his own nephew, the FBI agent recalled, Nick Calabrese began to rattle off about the 14 people that he killed., We had no idea, Maseth said. The top neighborhood early voting sites are Mt Greenwood Park in the 19th Ward, followed by Roden Library in the 41st Ward, & McGuane Park in the 11th Ward. Another time, his father had him use a flare to ignite kerosene against the garage of someone who wasn't following orders. I stand before you a different man, a changed man. Calabrese left Chicago after the trial and moved to Phoenix, partly to get away from his past and partly because the hot, dry air of Arizona is good for his health. He turned on his brother, Frank Sr., died in prison nine years ago after he was convicted in the Family Secrets case. [1], The investigation and trial was accurately dubbed "Family Secrets" because of the betrayal from within the Calabrese family. Operation Family Secrets: How A Mobster's Son And The FBI Brought Down Chicago's Murderous Crime Family, by Frank Calabrese Jr, is published in the US by Broadway Books. Read Frank Calabrese Sr.'s recent letter to family friend Frank Coconate. ", A few years after The Godfather came out, Frank Sr began to draw his son into the family business. [7] The federal government estimates that Calabrese's crew grossed more than $2,600,000. "You name it, he did it. Calabrese prose turns threatening as he writes about one relative who is cheating in his city job: "If he does not cooperate in telling us the truth, someone is going to give this information to TV news forecasters like Chuck Goady and the newspaper. He pulled his shirt down and refused, saying it would get him into trouble. "I was ready to murder for my dad," Calabrese says. WATCH Calabrese Jr. discuss the threats here: Part of HuffPost News. On cross-examination, Lopez sometimes made small talk with DiFazio, who wore an expensive-looking suit. . All Rights Reserved. "His temper became shorter, he would be quicker with his hands, more controlling. [9], On October 15, 1997, Calabrese was sentenced by Holderman to 118 months in federal prison. You don't want this life.' Sometimes in life, you got to make a decision even if all your choices suck, former mobster Frank Calabrese Jr. told the Las Vegas Review-Journal. He assumed office in 2012. Judge James Zagel heard the case. It is said to have had a significant effect on the operations of the Chicago Outfit. He said he's been living near Phoenix running a strip-mall restaurant that serves pizza "Chicago style.". I am not looking for this to happen to him, and it will not, if he will answer our questions right of (sic) whatever he knows. The I-Team traced Calabrese, Jr. to Scottsdale, Arizona. Mobster-turned-informant Frank Calabrese Jr. recently released a book about his life in the mob, and decision to turn against his father--which led to his dad being sentenced to life in prison. He also kept secret his own intensifying addiction to the drug. A 19-page letter written by the outfit killer is as wordy as . Lopez asked. The two demanded $300,000 -- or else, Stolfe testified. Together with LaPietra and his own brother, Nick, Calabrese Sr developed a specialist role as the Outfit's murder squad. Nick Calabrese testified during the Family Secrets trial that you have to be 100% Italian to get made. Stolfe said he went to Calabrese, whom he knew from the Bridgeport neighborhood where the two had grown up, to intercede on his behalf. March 3, 2011 (CHICAGO) The result of Calabrese Jr.'s information was a famous federal prosecution called "Family Secrets." In the past 12 1/2 years, Calabrese Jr. has moved from mob enforcer, to . #twill. Frank Jr. is out of the mob and leads tours of famous mob sites in. Until he saw his own domestic life play out on screen, he'd assumed hewas from a normal family. He left school at 13 and could barely read and write. [13], The Family Secrets trial began on June 19, 2007. He tells me, 'This ain't for you. The last business he owned was a Chicago pizza parlor. the tour ends at the Bella Luna for dinner and more questions to Frank. Calabrese Jr was given an insight into that as a teenager one night when his father came home and hurried him into the bathroom. The letter was sent without warning from the federal correctional facility in Milan, Michigan, where both Frank Jr. and Frank Sr. had been incarcerated since 1995, when four members of the Calabrese family had been sentenced for collecting "juice loans" and racketeering an auto repair business. He was to sit in the back seat of the getaway car. Frank Sr. bragged to his son about past criminal activities. But when you'd gone, he'd turn into his second personality a controlling and abusive father. [9] If a debtor did not have the money, the Calabrese crew would seize the debtor's car, home and business. A man was shot and killed by police officers in North Las Vegas on Friday morning. ", A few months later his father asked Calabrese to join him for a coffee. Joe "The Shark" Lopez, attorney for Calabrese Sr., says any talk of buried treasures is just a fairy tale. Frank Calabrese Sr aka Frankie Breeze was born in 1937 into a poor Italian family on the west side of Chicago. His father, he explains, was friendly with Sinatra's bodyguard. Once, Calabrese said, his father took him along when he slapped around an associate nicknamed "Peachy" for spending Outfit gambling money. Today, the former gangster, now 59, has settled down in a suburb outside of Chicago, making an honest living as an author and a motivational speaker, a career that brought him to Las Vegas last month for a speaking engagement at fittingly the Mob Museum downtown. She had thrown him out a week earlier after a family argument. "I think that's a fabrication because we went through Family Secrets, we heard about all the hiding places, we heard about all the hiding places and if it was out there, the feds would certainly have it," said Lopez. Frank Calabrese Jr. dealt a crushing blow to the Chicago Outfit by becoming a government witness in the Family Secrets case. With the fan on and the water running so no one else could hear, he breathlessly recounted a hit he'd just carried out. You cross that line, theres no going back.. I started hugging and kissing him. "Did anyone put a gun to your head and say you had to go play handball with him?" Michael Maseth was 27 when he graduated from the FBI Academy in June 1998, and he soon crossed paths with Calabrese Jr., when work on Operation Family Secrets began. Read Frank Calabrese Sr.'s recent letter to family friend Frank Coconate. Operation Family Secrets was an investigation by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) into mob-related crimes in Chicago. [10] In 1990, Calabrese entered an agreement with a car dealership in Elmhurst, Illinois, to direct car repair work to this mob-controlled repair shop in exchange for kickbacks. The FBI estimates he was behind nearly two dozen killings in Nevada and Illinois. IfI'd crossed that line, there would have been nocoming back. "We were taught to blend, to fly under the radar. "They said that it was no joke, and if I didn't pay that I was gonna get hurt," he said. After court Tuesday, Lopez, the elder Calabrese's lawyer, told reporters that his client had not been fazed by the son's testimony. By 16 he had begun to make money as a thief and later developed a "juice" loan business, extracting exorbitant rates of return. "His position is, you can do what you want to me and God's the ultimate arbiter of what I've done if I've done anything ," said Lopez. That exchange in the prison yard was significant for another, more personal, reason. I felt safe, and I felt loved in our home, he told the Review-Journal. "Tell them I'm an engineer," Frank Sr would say. (Erik Verduzco / Las Vegas Review-Journal) @Erik_Verduzco, Retired Chicago policeman Anthony Doyle arrives at federal court in Chicago in this July 12, 2007, file photo for his racketeering conspiracy trial. "The one thing I wasn't ready for was the emotional part. In Wednesday's Intelligence Report: claims that one jailed mob boss has hidden millions of dollars. Chicago Tribune", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operation_Family_Secrets&oldid=1142793184, This page was last edited on 4 March 2023, at 11:53. Read Frank Calabrese Sr.'s recent letter to family friend Frank Coconate. While the father and son were doing time for gambling convictions, Calabrese Jr. decided to wear a wire and implicate his father in several murders. "I learned all my maths through the juice loan business." Frank Calabrese Jr. slipped the gloves over his hands to conceal his fingerprints and began typing. [1] Calabrese Sr., was represented by Joe "the Shark" Lopez, who had been involved in many organized crime trials. [14] Among the prosecution witnesses were Calabrese's brother, Nick Calabrese, and Frank Calabrese Sr's. On September 10, 2007, Lombardo was convicted of racketeering, extortion, loan sharking and murder. '", Calabrese started sobbing and begging for forgiveness. Ed Pilkington meets him, Original reporting and incisive analysis, direct from the Guardian every morning, Frank Calabrese Jr. Defendants in the "Operation Family Secrets" trial included Frank Calabrese Sr. (clockwise from left), Joey Lombardo, Anthony Doyle, Paul Shiro . A 19-page letter written by the outfit killer is as wordy as Calabrese was breathless when he testified in court. Calabrese had just succeeded in enticing the other man into telling him about a succession of murders he'd committed, including that of Tony "The Ant" Spilotro and his brother Michael, immortalised by the film Casino. Frank Calabrese Jr. has written a memoir about bringing down his father's murderous Chicago crime family. [11][12], On February 5, 2009, Marcello was sentenced to life imprisonment for the Spilotro murders, and United States District Judge James Zagel, agreeing with the presentation made by federal prosecutor Markus Funk, also found Marcello responsible for the D'Andrea murder as well, even though the jury had deadlocked on that count. The tattoo was drawn by a fellow inmate, against prison regulations, with the connivance of a guard whom they bribed to look the other way. After thinking about it for a while, I knew my dad would manipulate me if I didnt get it in his own words, Calabrese Jr. said during the Mob Museum event. But he knew a huge hurdle stood in his way: his father. Those plans were scrapped, DiFazio said. Known For. He ended up wearing a wire and coaxing enough evidence . The event was held for graduates of the local FBIs Citizens Academy. An agent asks me, 'Are you OK?' Frank Calabrese Jr was destined for a life he didn't want as a murderer in one of America's biggest mafia families. But after extensive planning, Calabrese Jr. told the agents, his uncle decided to carry out the killing alone. As he became more central to his father's racketeering and gambling concerns, the lessons became morespecific. The last business he owned was a Chicago pizza parlor. It is unclear whether the letter from Frank was the cause of Calabrese, Sr.'s placement in solitary confinement last month at the MCC. He'd designed ithimself, to make a point, he says, about "how you are free in America but somehow not free". "I can forgive him. According to the court filing by Calabrese's lawyer he was put in "the holepursuant to the prevention of acts of violence and terrorism.". The last business he owned was a Chicago pizza parlor. marmite benefits for hair. The unwitting confession was captured by the wire and recorded for later analysis by the FBI. I am not looking for this to happen to him, and it will not, if he will answer our questions right of (sic) whatever he knows. 6. He really saved my life that night, he said of his uncle. Copyright 2019 Las Vegas Review-Journal, Inc. | Privacy Policy | Terms of Service, Frank Calabrese Jr. was a government informant who helped take down several major mob figures in a landmark case referred to as "Operation Family Secrets" by the FBI. Frank Calabrese Sr - aka Frankie Breeze - was born in 1937 into a poor Italian family on the west side of Chicago. He was good to me. Calabrese and his first wife, Dolores, divorced in 1984. Calabrese was accused of plotting with a former prison chaplain to recover a violin hidden in a Wisconsin house.[22][23]. Frank Calabrese Jr. turned informant on his father Frank Calabrese Sr. "Whoever wrote that book, either their father or their grandfather or somebody was in the organisation," said Calabrese Sr, who, as a "made man" himself, knew what he was talking about. Contact Rio Lacanlale at rlacanlale@reviewjournal.com or 702-383-0381. In 1964, Calabrese Sr was "whistled in" to the Outfit by a much-feared mafia underboss called Angelo "The Hook" LaPietra. Aug. 23, 1970: Michael Hambone Albergo, July 2, 1980: William and Charlotte Dauber, July 23, 1983: Richard Ortiz and Arthur Morawski, June 14, 1986: Anthony The Ant and Michael Spilotro. 14h. The Breeze's namesake, Frank Jr., says his father had $10 million at the height of his power, and that some of it was hidden away in 55 gallon drums.
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