rajatarangini was translated into persian by rajatarangini was translated into persian by

sfn error: no target: CITEREFBalochRafiq1998 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFSchimmel1980 (, Last edited on 23 February 2023, at 23:00, Baharistan-i-Shahi Chapter 3 EARLY SHAHMIRS, "Buddhism and Islam in Kashmir as Represented by Rjataragi Authors", "This book claims to expose the myths behind Kashmir's history. He was the ruler of Kashmir and the founder of the Shah Mir dynasty. His customary applied system, involving careless presumptions and faith in the artists job as a type of moral sayings, makes the glorifying content in his story, especially for the early period, rather predominant. Skipping over "lost kings" we come to Lava of an unknown family. Ramdas was a devotee of Hanuman and Rama. Verse 7. He was deposed by rebellious ministers, and granted asylum by a neighboring king. Like the Shahnameh is to Persia, the Rajatarangini is to Kashmir. He tried to abduct a Nga woman, who was the wife of a Brahmin. Rajatarangini . A Persian translation of Rajatarangini was commissioned by Zain-ul-Abidin, who ruled Kashmir in the 15th century CE. Kashmira Kerala paryanthaamganatantrenashasssitam, Rakshayantujanaasarve, ekachhatramimaammaheem (From Kashmir to Kerala extending and governed by democracy, may all the people protect this lands sovereign unity). Built a new city called Damodarasuda, and a dam called Guddasetu. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. Salhana was deposed and imprisoned. Rajatharangini promises to arouse a great deal of interest among readers. 3 Who was the last king of Gonanda dynasty? 1 His son Kshemagupta married Didda, daughter of Simharaja of Lohara. There too, legend is mixed with reality, and Toramana Huna is incorporated into the line of Meghavahana. Gonanda was the first king and a contemporary and enemy of the Hindu deity Krishna. ). The translators of Rajatarangini framed the text as more than a solitary example of Indian historical writing; rather, they engaged with it on multiple levels, drawing out, debating, and rethinking the definitions of literature and history and the relative significance of and relationship between them in capturing the identity of the nation and its regions. [20], Despite the value that historians have placed on Kalhana's work, there is little evidence of authenticity in the earlier books of Rajatarangini. Belonged to a different family from Lava's dynasty (I.95), Known for constructing a canal named Suvarnamani, Great-grandson of Shakuni and son of Shachinara's first cousin. all exact any . He dug profound into such model functions as the Harshacharita and the Brihat-Samhita sagas and utilised with a praiseworthy commonality the neighbourhood rajakathas (regal accounts) and such past chips away at Kashmir as Nripavali by Kshemendra, Parthiva Wali by Helaraja, and Nilamatapurana. Rajatarangini belongs. Cite earlier authors: The oldest extensive works containing the royal chronicles [of Kashmir] have become fragmentary in consequence of [the appearance of] Suvrata's composition, who condensed them in order that (their substance) might be easily remembered. We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. The. Deccan education society is an organization which runs 43 education establishments in Maharastra, Pune founded by Bal Gangadhar Tilak. It emerged in South Asia after its ancestor dia Answer. Jonaraja in his Dvitiya Rajatara? He was followed by his two sons who became kings in succession. As the result of the decline in linguistic oriented approaches, Translation Studies witnessed a move towards a more descriptive and cultural direction in the 1990s. Translation of "puhdas" into Persian . Kalhana in his opening Taranga of Rajatarangini presents his views on how history ought to be written. Concerning past occasions, Kalhana wrote that the material was genuinely picky. Let us know more about Rajatarangini. The work consists of 7826 verses, which are divided into eight books called Tarangas (waves). For example, Kalhana has highly exaggerated the military conquests of Lalitaditya Muktapida.[18][19]. Who translated Mahabharata and Rajatarangini into Persian? [6], On the other hand, the 15th century Kashmiri historian Jonaraja, writing in the court of Shah Mir's descendant Budshah, states that Shah Mir came to Kashmir along with his tribe from the country of Panchagahvara (identified as the Panjgabbar valley between Rajouri and Budhal). This seems to be official genealogy of the Sultanate. for primarily professional audiences (e.g., in law or medicine). Son of Shankaravarman; ruled with help of his mother Sugandha; Murdered, Brother of Gopalavarman, died soon after ascending the throne. Expelled several irreligious Brahmins who used to eat garlic (non-. Son of Lalitaditya and Kamaladevi. Because of this, the Nga chief burnt down the king's city, and the king died in the fire. Toramana is clearly the Huna king of that name, but his father Mihirakula is given a date 700 years earlier. In 1574, Akbar established a translation bureau (maktab khana) at his capital of Fatehpur Sikri. These include: A television series based on Rajatarangini named Meeras was begun in 1986 in Doordarshan Srinagar. Rajatarangini, (Sanskrit: River of Kings) historical chronicle of early India, written in Sanskrit verse by the Kashmiri Brahman Kalhana in 1148, that is justifiably considered to be the best and most authentic work of its kind. Sample translated sentence: Heill on sen thden puhdas asema Jehovan edess. Kalhana describes Shamkaravarman (883902) thus (Stein's trans. Verse 15. Get all the important information related to the Railway Exam including the process of application, important calendar dates, eligibility criteria, exam centers etc. Notes: Rajatarangini is a metrical legendary and historical chronicle of the north-western Indian subcontinent, particularly the kings of Kashmir. [5] The total reign of the following kings is mentioned as 1266 years. What are three different irrational numbers between the rational numbers 5 by 7 and 9 by 11? Rajatarangini, which Mulla Abd al-Qadir Badauni translated into Persian at Akbars Check ' ' translations into Persian. He is most remembered for his Advaita Vedantist text, the Dasbodh. He abdicated the throne, and a became a hermit to seek peace. His son Kshemagupta married Didda, daughter of Simharaja of Lohara. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Was this answer helpful? The Rajatarangini is a Sanskrit account of the various monarchies of Kashmir, prior to the advent of Islam. In fact, the history of Kashmir was continued, along Kalhanas line, down to some years after the annexation of Kashmir by the Mughal emperor Akbar (1586) in the following works: Rajatarangini (by Jonaraja), Jainatarangini (by Shrivara), and Rajavalipataka (by Prajyabhatta and Shuka). But oddly enough, no translation of the work into Malayalam had been attempted all this time until Raman Menon, a scholar and author of numerous books in Malayalam including an extensive commentary of They cannot be abusive or personal. In those authorities, Abul Fazl interpreted Ramayana into Persian. He was (I.191) the first of his race. Haksar captured the mystique of Indias coordinates in this couplet: According to Jonaraja, Shah Mir was the descendant of Partha (Arjuna) of Mahabharata fame. (With his account of the Karkota dynasty, relatively recent at the time he wrote his chronicles, Kalhana's information becomes more consistent with other sources.). Raman Menon, Priyadarshini Publication Society, 1,200. In that officials, Abdul Fazi translated Ramayana into Persian. [21] Even where the kings mentioned in the first three books are historically attested, Kalhana's account suffers from chronological errors. [18] Waqfs were endowed to shrines, mosques were commissioned, numerous Sufi preachers were provided with jagirs and installed in positions of authority, and feasts were regularly held. It was written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri historian Kalhana in the 12th century CE. As history of Kashmir, it has its undoubted deficiencies in terms of conventional chronology and the complex tapestry of myth and legend that it has largely woven together as content, but then Kalhana says that Samdhimat Aryaraja used to spend the most delightful Kashmir summer in worshiping a lingam formed of snow/ice in the regions above the forests (II.138). Gave lands to Brahmins. Sultan Shihabud-din did not have a large number of soldiers to battle against the Kashgar army. It emerged in South Asia after its ancestor dialects were subtle there from the northwest inside the overdue Bronze Ag. Report Error From the Pen of Jonarja, Court Pait to Suln Zayn al-bidn. Ascended the throne after her death, beginning, Abdicated the throne in favour of his son, but retained power through his minister Haladhara, Rebelled against his parents, leading to the suicide of his father Ananta, followed by, Second son of Kalasha. We also know about the person who built Alai Darwaza and much more about the topic. Built a great city called Srinagara (near but not same as the modern-day. rajatarangini of kalhana vol iv - dr. raghunath singh_part3, rajatarangini of kalhana vol ii - dr. raghunath singh_part3, rajatarangini - shri ramtej shastri pandey_part3. Introduction: The Rajatarangini (in a real sense, River of Kings) is an awe-inspiring sonnet (mahakavya/prabandha) created in the old style language, Sanskrit, in 114850 in Kashmir (part of the advanced territory of Jammu and Kashmir, India).Kalhana is said to have been the child of a previous clergyman by the name of Cempaka in the court of a Kashmiri ruler, Harsha. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". It describes almost two centuries of the old and early middle age history of the Valley. [28] He was defeated by Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin at Thanna with the help of Jasrath Khokhar, a chieftain from Pothohar Plateau. The translators of Rajatarangini framed the text as more than a solitary example of Indian historical writing; rather, they engaged with it on multiple levels, drawing out, debating, and rethinking the definitions of literature and history and the relative significance of and relationship between them in capturing the identity of the nation and its regions. His son Jayendra was followed by Samdhimati-Aryaraja (34 BCE-17 CE) who had the soul of Jayendra's minister Sandhimati. Son of Durlabhavardhana and Anangalekha. The first translation of a portion of the Rajatarangini was carried out in Persian, at the behest of Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin (1421-1472) A.D of Kashmir. Son of Hiranyakula. The Karkota line came to a close with the usurpation of the throne by Avantivarman, who started the Utpala dynasty in 855. It has multiple dimensions, such as the aureole of antiquity, the grandeur of epic, the cachet of Sanskritic literary canons, the singular distinction as an ancient Indian historical chronicle and the uniqueness that it embodies as representation of a vital part of Indian selfhood. Kalhana himself, notwithstanding, doesnt appear to have worked for any ruler. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. thirty journals, primarily in the humanities and social sciences, though it He reigned for three years and five months from 1339 to 1342 CE. Hiranya died childless. The couple sheltered their citizens in the royal palace during a severe famine resulting from heavy frost. Eventually the Karkota dynasty ended and a grandson of Utpala became king. Owing to a certain want of care, there is not a single part in Ksemendra's "List of Kings" (Nrpavali) free from mistakes, though it is the work of a poet. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. He established a university in Naushehra and a Darul Tarjuma. It covers the whole range of history in the Kashmir district from the earliest times to the date of its synthesis. involving the history, arts, social sciences, philosophy, and contemporary Uninvolved by and by in the frenzy of contemporary legislative issues, he was significantly impacted by it and expressed the accompanying. For example, Ranaditya is given a reign of 300 years. His short reign was marked by a succession struggle with his half-brother Vajraditya II. Rajatarangini, (Sanskrit: "River of Kings") historical chronicle of early India, written in Sanskrit verse by the Kashmiri Brahman Kalhana in 1148, that is justifiably considered to be the best and most authentic work of its kind. The polar ends of the subcontinent that these two regions represent have been lyrically evoked in the familiar poetic description of himavatsethuparyanthaam. Comments have to be in English, and in full sentences. Indeed, in the imagined community of multilingual India, Sanskritic culture is the one indissoluble bond between Kashmir and Kerala, forever sanctified by the epoch-making mission of Keralas Shankaracharya, the enunciator of Advaita philosophy. Verse 13. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings. Verse 11. Abu l-Fadl Allami, Nizam al-Din and Firishta also state Son of Lalitapida and Jayadevi, made the king by his maternal uncle Utpalaka. [10] The Rajatarangini is a Sanskrit account of the various monarchies of Kashmir, prior to the advent of Islam. [5] Some of the kings and dynasties can be identified with inscriptions and the histories of the empires that periodically included the Kashmir valley, but for long periods the Rajatarangini is the only source. The result is an exposure to the ineffable delights of Sanskritised Malayalam, an edifying experience in itself. According to Kalhana, this king "did not speak the language of the gods but used vulgar speech fit for drunkards, showed that he was descended from a family of spirit-distillers" (Stein's translation). His father Champaka was the minister (Lord of the Gate) in Harsha of Kashmir's court. Compared to translations in other languages, Raman Menons craft is remarkable for its lucidity and elegance. Traces of genuine history are also found, however, in references to the Mauryan emperors Ashoka and Jalauka; the Buddhist Kushan kings Hushka (Huviska), Jushka (Vajheska), and Kanishka (Kaniska); and Mihirakula, a Huna king. Raman Menons translation bears the signature of his scholarly skills, derived from mastery of both Sanskrit and Malayalam. (in a real sense, River of Kings) is an awe-inspiring sonnet (mahakavya/prabandha) created in the old style language, Sanskrit, in 114850 in Kashmir (part of the advanced territory of Jammu and Kashmir, India).Kalhana is said to have been the child of a previous clergyman by the name of Cempaka in the court of a Kashmiri ruler, Harsha. Uchchala's step-brother; became the king after Radda's death. [6], The Gonanda dynasty ruled Kashmir for 1002 years. He also got the Mahabharata and Rajatarangini. In the legacy of Sanskrit, Kashmir and Kerala can be said to have a unique fellowship of literary creativity, with icons like Bilhana and Somadeva in Kashmir and Shankara and Narayana Bhattathiri in Kerala. Does adding salt to water increase conductivity? Jonaraja became a Kashmiri antiquarian and Sanskrit writer. Kalhana states that the valley of Kashmir was formerly a lake. And for another, Sarvagnana Peetha in Srinagar where Shankaracharya was enthroned is the one mystic chord of tradition that has endured in the Keralite imagination of Kashmir. The Rajatarangini was written in Sanskrit by Kalhana, who was a Kashmiri Brahmin. His father Champaka was the minister (Lord of the Gate) in the court of Harsha of Kashmir. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. Book I attempts to weave imaginary tales of Kashmir kings into epic legends. [17], Shihabud-din was also a great administrator who governed his kingdom with firmness and justice. Answer. But his traditional conceptual framework, using uncritical assumptions and a belief in the role of the poet as an exponent of moral maxims, makes the idealizing content in his narrative, particularly for the early period, rather dominant. The chronicles only start to align with other evidence by book IV. According to Jogesh Chander Dutt's calculation, this year corresponds to 2448 BCE. They accepted that this late work was a one-of-a-kind exemption in 3,000 years of Sanskrit abstract culture, which they blamed for totally inadequate regarding a feeling of history even as it had large amounts of sacred writing and folklore. Subscriber Only Stories View All Buy 2-year plan with SD20 code for special price Feature Flags: { He displayed surprisingly advanced technical expertise for the time in his concern for unconventional sources. Died young. Look through examples of translation in sentences, listen to pronunciation and learn grammar. Updates? He looked into an assortment of epigraphic sources connecting with illustrious tributes, development of sanctuaries, and land awards; he concentrated on coins, fantastic remaining parts, family records, and nearby practices. The status of Kalhana's poem Rajatarangini was mediated in colonial India in part through its English translations. Nephew of Didda. was Abul Fazl translated the Panch Tantra (Anwar-i-Sahili) and Faizi the story of NalDamayanti into Persian. He wanted his court poets to interpret the Sanskrit books Rajatarangini, Ramayana, and Mahabharata into the Persian language. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Sanskrit works on medicine and music were also translated into Persian at his instance. Jonaraja Although the earlier books are inaccurate in their chronology, they still provide an invaluable source of information about early Kashmir and its neighbors in the north western parts of the Indian subcontinent, and are widely referenced by later historians and ethnographers. And 40 years after his passing, the translation has now been brought into publication thanks to the zealous efforts of a few lovers of classical literature. The real power lay in the hands of a noble named Gargachandra. Unreliable Sources - The chronicles include those of Tahir, Haidar Malik, Rafiu'd Din Ahmad and Muhammad A'azam. During the reign of Zain-ul-Abideen, the eighth Sultan of Kashmir, Mulla Ahmad translated Kalhana's Rajatarangini into Persian. Render date: 2023-03-04T12:29:12.553Z Thus (IV.678) is Book IV verse 678. He called back the Hindus who had left Kashmir during his father reign and allowed building of temples. The Rajatarangini is an epic poem (mahakavya) in Sanskrit running into nearly 8000 verses that are spread over eight books or sections. However, the intent of the translations has been insufficiently analyzed in the context of the interrelationship between Orientalist and nationalist projects and the historical and literary ideas that informed them. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. The Maurya Empire was a geographically extensive and powerful political and military empire in ancient India, founded by, After a Damodara ("of Ashoka's kula or another"), we have Hushka, Jushka and Kanishka (127147 CE) of the. This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. . Rajatarangini in Scholarship The most widely known Rajatarangini (River of Kings) - and the one on which the English translations discussed here are based - is a Sanskrit narrative by Kalhana Pandit dating to 1148-49 AD.1 It is written in verse in the Sanskrit kavya style and divided into eight cantos (or tarangas ), which number close to 8,000 . Copyright 2023, THG PUBLISHING PVT LTD. or its affiliated companies. Arthashastra , one of the first in the history of Malayalam literature. Defeated the Tantrins with help of Damara feudal lords. During Akbar's time the Ramayana and Mahabharata were also translated into Persian. Made his brother Sussala the ruler of Lohara. It is a very good painting of the beyond with splendid recorded understanding. Kalhana was an educated and sophisticated Sanskrit scholar, well-connected in the highest political circles. [Studia Indologica Universitatis Halensis 7], SlajeWalter", "The COININDIA Coin Galleries: Sultans of Kashmir", Baharistan-i-Shahi: A Chronicle of Mediaeval Kashmir, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shah_Mir_dynasty&oldid=1141211558, Tomb of the Mother of Zain-ul-Abidin in Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, This page was last edited on 23 February 2023, at 23:00. Book VII brings the narrative to the death of King Harsha (1101), and Book VIII deals with the stormy events between the death of Harsha and the stabilization of authority under Kalhanas contemporary Jayasimha (reigned 112849). [3] The work consists of 7826 verses, which are divided between eight books called tarangas ("waves"). 'Great King')[29] and ruled from 1418 to 1470. This Vikramaditya is not same as the, Shared the administration with his queen. Fairness: That noble-minded author is alone worthy of praise whose word, like that of a judge, keeps free from love or hatred in relating the facts of the past. He was known for his religious tolerance. There are four English translations of Rjatarangi by: Ranjit Sitaram Pandit 23 February 2011. He lies buried in the Gorstan e Shahi in Srinagar. What 3 things do you do when you recognize an emergency situation? Sanskrit The young Chippatajayapida was advised by his maternal uncle Utpalaka or Utpala (IV.679). The courtyard of the Jama Masjid, Srinagar. Son of Sukhavarman. that the material was genuinely picky. [20][18][19] Economic condition was decent. In 1574, Akbar started an Maktab Khana or a house of translation works in his new capital of Fatehpur Sikri. How long is MOT certificate normally valid? His family ruled for many generations. However, very little about those reigns are known anyway in compare to the later dynasties. It exposes its own biases instead", "Review of Kingship in Kamr (AD11481459). Pratapaditya was a relative of a distant king named Vikrmaditya (II.6). Get answers to the most common queries related to the Railway Examination Preparation. Regarding the events of the past, Kalhanas search for material was truly fastidious. is a record of the illustrious administrations that administered the realm of Kashmir from its putative starting points to the writers own time. All rights reserved. How much salary can I expect in Dublin Ireland after an MS in data analytics for a year? In 1380 C.E. He looked up a variety of epigraphic sources relating to royal eulogies, construction of temples, and land grants; he studied coins, monumental remains, family records, and local traditions. [14], Shah Mir worked to establish Islam in Kashmir and was aided by his descendant rulers, specially Sikandar Butshikan. The Mahabharata and Kalhana's Rajatarangini were translated into Persian by his order. After this battle, the regions of Ladakh and Baltistan which were under the rule of Kashgar came under the rule of Shah Miris.Sultan also marched towards Delhi and the army of Feroz Shah Tughlaq opposed him at the banks of River Satluj. It is the 25th most populated city in India, located on the banks of River Vaigai. [7] Romila Thapar equates Jalauka to Kunala, stating that "Jalauka" is an erroneous spelling caused by a typographical error in Brahmi script. 10-year-old child of Nirjitavarman; placed on throne by the Tantrins. What was the name of Persian translation of Rajatarangini? Kalhana wrote it was brilliantly prepared for the work. After a young son of Yashaskara, Pravaragupta, a Divira (clerk), became king. In principle, it is for three reasons, specifically, the texts regard to sequence, causation, and (affirmed) objectivity, that European Orientalist researchers who concentrated on the text from the mid-nineteenth century onwards, called the. (I.191) He belonged to. Rajatarangini, Telugu translation by Renduchintala Lakshmi Narasimha Sastry, This page was last edited on 14 November 2022, at 18:27. Unacademy is Indias largest online learning platform. Verse 7. His Dvity Rjataragin can be a continu Answer. [3] The work consists of 7826 verses, which are divided between eight books called tarangas ("waves"). He was a great-grandson of a Viradeva, a Kutumbi (V.469). In his old age, the childless king ordered killing of Sandhimati to prevent any chance of him becoming a king. Zain-ul-Abidin was the eighth sultan of Kashmir. Answer. [5] According to Jonaraja, Shah Mir was the descendant of Partha Note: Muhammad Shah had five separate reigns from 1484 to 1537.[34]. His admittance to minute subtleties of contemporary court interests was practically immediate: his dad and uncle were both in the Kashmir court. Answer: Kalhana was the author of Rajatarangini (River of Kings), an account of the history of Kashmir. the solo work of history legitimate to rise out of old India. Devout Shaivite. Son of Aksha. Mahabharata, Ramayana, Atharva Veda, Lilawati, Rajatarangini translated into Persian. Learn about the life of Vallabhacharya, a great saint and philosopher. Please abide by our community guidelines for posting your comments. The version was entitled Behr-ul-Asmar, (or the sea of tales). TranslationsRajatarangini was translated into Persian by Zain-ul-Abidin order.There are four English translations of Rjatarangi by: Ranjit Sitaram Pandit Horace Hayman Wilson, secretary of The Asiatic Society of Bengal in the early 19th century, and the first English. It covers the whole range of history in Kashmir from the earliest times to the date of its synthesis. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. However, the intent of the translations has been insufficiently analyzed in the context of the interrelationship between Orientalist and nationalist projects and the historical and literary ideas that informed them. This king is identified by some with Huna ruler Toramana, although his successor Mihirakula is placed much earlier by Kalhana.[12]. Raman Menon, an erudite scholar in both Sanskrit and Malayalam during his time. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Rajatarangini. Kalhana was excellently equipped for the work. Called "the blind" because of his small eyes. Hence the correct answer is Option B. It covers the whole range of history in the Kashmir district from the earliest times to its synthesis. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The Hindu Centre for Politics and Public Policy, Supreme Court forms expert panel to probe any regulatory failure on Adani issue, India makes renewed push for consensus at G20 Foreign Ministers meeting, Hindenburg Research report on Adani Group | Supreme Court verdict on expert committee on March 2, High debt on Vedanta books puts investors on tenterhooks, Employees Provident Fund: How to activate UAN online, 1947: Madras Devadasis (Prevention of Dedication) Act passed, RMA 0-1 FCB, El Clasico highlights: Barcelona leads on aggregate after beating Real Madrid courtesy of a Militao own goal. In that officials, Abul Fazi translated Ramayana into Persian. Translations of " " into Persian in sentences, translation memory . Researchers who showed up at this portrayal of the Rajatarangini as the first work of history, the last referenced drawing out the basic release of the Rajatarangini and its full English interpretation, which is perused right up til the present time. [15], Sultan Shamsu'd-Din Shah was succeeded by his elder son Sultan Jamshid who ruled for a year and two months. [18] Iinternal rebellions were ably suppressed. It was translated into Persian by the orders of the later Muslim ruler Zain-ul-Abidin. It was written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri historian Kalhana in the 12th century CE. Uchchala's brother; ascended throne with Gargachandra's support, Harsha's grandson, who had escaped Uchchala's revolt.