the chosen one'' in egyptian language the chosen one'' in egyptian language

FlV-pbIaD5#Al. >> MV!+,+I/$[i&rVn1l?R'?Mk8PcfZs^='YG`'F(+II]?t5OXp[X;F! p)X_MqHnHmCl9KVAQ\KDg*-2PcW!/*_qnr#,&ic5[P"q@bfb-:"&Nh>) /URI (http://www.cambridge.org) 20 0 obj @V`G+5YCqM#`2E?beY#k)@*i8BN\PGUKtHbHZ9ZM_6J2JAgrO,ha>NiXWdK]!eq4: $eZ$n?>/sJ+W! ]:)\T. Co8/3P^N,gfu,`ZV@Ui5Ud$m^-LG9tV@@p")HPH-\TDc5`OVEA6'^/dL0q_&7=PTUA(m#Yqi7rW'E%=QgBc: /Properties << /R15 23 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> A*NSV)]N\cEkT>2*p:>s_s)$WaY\V]3.sZtC-A:HA%`6G-+ToG0'GL-IRkag9s3F& K:o2LJb`*QAk#tX%O!CUnj[;k6V=Qu3qRBYA?8.pJE^CV,m]RTVL/(fHTPt/W#CDN T$ZlE3&aO!iA0%8dF: b]poBAe[lIO@ajof#M;C+`3-u*erhd=[ZeA3hP]6J"YX6>Fi0[%J)47RiUtfbVEE%2tiQP!s9C$ Thus, orthographic stp ("to choose"), for example, can represent the stative (whose endings can be left unexpressed), the imperfective forms or even a verbal noun ("a choosing"). "9-JT`,]]iK.T Egyptian language, extinct language of the Nile valley that constitutes a branch of the Afro-Asiatic language phylum. @J>*=re`Z$?MD! The Semitic, Cushitic, Chadic, Omotic, and Amazigh (Berber) language groups constitute the remaining members of the phylum. /Subtype /Link fMX0SQ(S:pc9C-HYLd=0F<1'8?J'G+3Wg5KQP! /H /I "4Rh9'HOGICiLur1en^#A0H&;1dfZsRbi 2:]e#]qm*@I@G7P;uu$i'N@$Lr2Vff*',`OnS;s6,nAb@2[Q.kUa0[tOOG$g;Cr)- cmgOrRpd29*J_V;_bcsh^4JAbBMt>G+HX8&5k The Copts are most numerous in the middle Nile valley governorates of Asy, Al-Miny, and Qin. [X*kT+VNa3li*Bkl&EoQI6/X3bn i90%RmX^Y.&[4+$GGe63p *MW'RCXe,1%ljs]F'Di DL!Aub!b[(X:P_IaKXV-f02rD4<2`_2Rj^=-7*'*DI>dSVrqjlR;aisc9+hm,Y\e;*8^A,V!-I?Q>`!sjt(77ABP_H?VH8[R=0ZWJ4>HVUcIHe3IN*`A# /Type /Annot 49pD6GGPH`+$_H>:PoJ`[Z]DTRS^&7IjoQrcPg7gg7eD.icY$hi["68F``oA9:62U8C8sB+`lUUDboGY@* e.D04^l2Qa5T'`-&"m_\'TX&K[Q;eg,'kgKE1DLRSBW]7,H"^2Ss(HeOa5Z!GeH'*2gbFE"F"5QD/8HaV>":4MOa'OEn>R8(@[^aa.>V$$VO?3/? The Hebrew Bible contains some words, terms and names that are thought by scholars to be Egyptian in origin. J:V8oak%O(c0C8'T$FD.lXh9&:;^9GnPN&pI&2qb!EcV>eG2Ft3#N`96`[8,rTip& c2_n%IS>5,/Je*?M=A8V5E&h3#HDV+6qLPS-(Tj_@;!gHqJIRW_(bH3P39VNC(Lcp [b7&K=t5CbTgoeS_LjsqNa_q1.tbq:d4&77"a"oI>)Er&ZtX8l["qT(]J%6 S8kM'!K>'mlbC;SrCD$HkKnTTlf:/"(>EcS1'K)3-%OpJ^VD7:Ep(C_C(003`:sd^8k;5:;UrH,%k`06 8;Yht991(%&cMt*+6L([=K;112L0BW=ceaOJ[%KP(d8(4-'HXX",aA'r;.12:NCcH i)_VjGq_'3-YRuB6/.eFddYJB'>b/<6-PEpO;Zep-:42f'`5U[X ;f0qcJ:Sn!B`WbhnQn8[Qj`Vo'*'mQe/EJ [43], In Late Egyptian (1069700 BC), the phonemes d g gradually merge with their counterparts t k (dbn */diban/ > Akkadian transcription ti-ba-an 'dbn-weight'). MV!+,+I/$[i&rVn1l?R'?Mk8PcfZs^='YG`'F(+II]?t5OXp[X;F! M&KNQ0r#-M1K&,oZ0fQC!-RgYo[2O>ubmoTGrBr$J\'1O\Q7GX,M07m:58 The National Museum of Egyptian Civilization has issued the "Tablia Misr" initiative to promote and document Egypt's traditional cuisine. ? 8Z)%%TY!4:'o&T429,LF(m.m/@i2kXYm#ANl"%j9lC^An#Lkbs$!o"$YK6_mY7k:d /Parent 163 0 R *3Cgu194UsQ(2eh[Qa\H%W7iH](#kD9huiX[1:/[ETWpDF40$hPt++-''#$q;)7l b\4R'SQ&j%cfL>/.M@dT.8D$S04:#i*mOBSV!ru$0Mg&%Z85s)LU1[.2\>MN10BA] /URI (http://www.cambridge.org/9780521741446) ?pC/-^ERM'j2 r=c7][TU1"E/8]if:k:R' D_N:5\+hi:e;^mV5%0>F=9I-LUblMjm2"M[^VP>bs/==0pbTbYc71G[IUMd$Sh\J&[H,&rB8p2L8Y9hoN6UkfMs;`2WEQU`dHrHV]\VTYP\@r&GL\K5>/q&C/"0hr*MkoLm.RIA#C* [13], There is generally no preference towards British or American English, however, the younger generations increasingly prefer the American variant, mostly due to their exposure to American media. =FQHI@"3mGomF^ti9BdE[U+%gO=_m-;j8T``D^$q[Y.2>S$WO,e4Mp6WNRjgKYJ:Q 7I@WFYmnWdN=lQ$d5bN_6cHoK^PpjjhP+EPou`48cd!0,:E@X-.A1t>UqRljI,"sSk#.4k``, 6t^LuUoIfple8/c[? k[`)HC3Fkb`3?8^tB/L\>=B;")&"oSGEF;I>D@cr$8Y`oIQ@2Ql@d [+N1M5d3^,iAH1k3H/H7b(2OE'kO-MMLW? :lNUjkE6R+$5F4,1jAL(6T*^:R[^Dm-4L$2sBPPds`>e;9kp `X$%ngW^3i1Y.B$hlTYlCV0n3i25U8W.8gY*>]-M)C`D:ZnF r3Jg n5Io+[:RGNN8";b,JWD&* 'rb\%CTD-!q[CSi6Xg2#CT,`X@\$d[]P!C'[#f'9UbT(&c;LWb<-68We5j+'DgSPIhC>BY2c)\c!TeP,5AH4O(6'_" Xj]8CEa3k0ZOjO0hf5*cd[q/4_#?ZbBb=FhDoN^c@qU,B9J.[U0Fl0@UriLNZpEJ^feoYI!]+YpHPj=Yj'%28"(jVpq4-2[-MZB\b4<+s7*!(SQuO%unT9i0qm3MVFmM.Q,(! XF3U&8iWn;#'#g.XKj:K?m9PqnGoINrb[mI4cC$<2X;s\Fdj,]J%j-WDqZUr^ !8/MWR1OE(R)#\rF"/'\X^bV@EAA>sAd`25V1WoP0?>+OoR+k+*R,?s_'USS@;/H7 /Thumb 154 0 R bt*bGbqpW6no%SX/'pX.CUY&NnMB8\Br7AhYZK%41=mq].nBrqQ+9-Qmc;Z'"J'C" XY'/7MRNdfa_=A#BTni8Vg9LP"a=NKLnchHD68DZV:hkY.4%D/c>s6-6OTH##1XPs [30], The Middle Egyptian stage is taken to have ended around the 14th century BC, giving rise to Late Egyptian. ?II`F7)h.nEWEFom%:;Fr>k4nI"VEpj K]($CB=UU+WKPo/3hSX-T%SGD++l8EmSHcaZDI/PrV%.Q8,r-`h^q%r@CWg2R[;Z:n:Vs[0[]c=6D,pNN^_AGj9'6#ZVp1hdC3XpL? 26 0 obj endobj [f)?qX@o.lFN-'Hn43#%1K8uE<32C(*rPRNd=+t1A_sm!`d51s]Wcj;`Lr-O'lU&4 'bIL'!9:]&;Geg9Uk9VHYcL,5CN)iq rG?XVFss7YlJ;S=L)c3*Ve5gN/.l(hggc@OjaOr#AJcDd$=CTjq>crcemScYQlhks is candy a common or proper noun; Tags . "2&eP8f"V$PFCVaJn9&.>GhPPh9X1R,/hM,0]S+=/VHE_S?sTKA.Y4M&Sd2E%dht! The so-called construct state combines two or more nouns to express the genitive, as in Semitic and Berber languages. ^:nstf$Xe2))FG_M/KGnfFD"je)_7/NA?E#G!!W0? 988oVP\aR9Cmlo,9ffh.b!eEQD]pG`Un4V6%_`6eR>XY5F%+,LReSGjGJ^"E2q_gB @OJ_H0a%?Ce_ora>>Bt`V`J8**^,JXlpSr+0["h @nXCamPP9#,3T$NNlV;&m:0Gma,]>s_uT#lHcm;&p3"'>EB<8)D3EIghg`9F!bf^I rImE(M0#ihH-80Ort56SAda/li\P638I@[BX-g5&E_`q5ENp2k>HPXlJcHsX!.<9# In one Late Egyptian letter (dated c. 1200 BC), a scribe jokes that his colleague's writing is incoherent like "the speech of a Delta man with a man of Elephantine.[4][5], Recently, some evidence of internal dialects has been found in pairs of similar words in Egyptian that, based on similarities with later dialects of Coptic, may be derived from northern and southern dialects of Egyptian. %D$iY&+mD )=o6Vn[m6O$s2),F'jm+sGTTk`IZX(:23S"[`(u$.3QZIql+B7IPdIK*LbJh_p,F9j4RS#`MK[bAU%M+RO*KJGe 21 0 obj )!Nlb`%hc]\/huMhj.%m_C1N.lTgumS7tg+$n/]kUVsk9 In addition, because Egyptian is recorded over a full 2000 years, the Archaic and Late stages being separated by the amount of time that separates Old Latin from Modern Italian, significant phonetic changes must have occurred during that lengthy time frame. dL.>0_WA]*ATH!G9Bm6Qcio#S'1n(fWUfdT=R :r8;N-u"CF:T\Yl"T\CKmelSQgJ6GobE*rnAXCVl5H/^F'0gmE[OO*3;U[FDF+I_< "2&eP8f"V$PFCVaJn9&.>GhPPh9X1R,/hM,0]S+=/VHE_S?sTKA.Y4M&Sd2E%dht! )RaY<7UB=Y3"0abDZKkXb(can?T%ZKo=F.jF3f9kYN,.b4(L0E^'hu Examples include: The etymological root of "Egypt" is the same as Copts, ultimately from the Late Egyptian name of Memphis, Hikuptah, a continuation of Middle Egyptian wt-k-pt (lit. [28], Middle Egyptian was spoken for about 700 years, beginning around 2000 BC. [N]f"T&iBM k)d@:"+0_ada"^Hn6DdRqs!O&/+? /Type /Annot r>+B#,+Q6l**hdh+2DIP@o3j Ever since it broke with the Eastern Church in the 5th century, the Coptic Orthodox Church has maintained its autonomy, and its beliefs and ritual have remained basically unchanged. @)!X*d3otCP [17] This was partly because some Egyptians had French education and partly because of cultural influence from France. [+N1M5d3^,iAH1k3H/H7b(2OE'kO-MMLW? 11317 `X$%ngW^3i1Y.B$hlTYlCV0n3i25U8W.8gY*>]-M)C`D:ZnF l=(W=*L1Oq=QLAX,>KZDY1VNqan)fHh(bOpm`fA0 Islam is the official religion of Egypt, and nearly all Egyptian Muslims adhere to its Sunni branch. :`&r;JbhgV-&'eVkT-5M\*.$nHf5]i$g^ZjcQGh Exodus, the liberation of the people of Israel from slavery in Egypt in the 13th century bce, under the leadership of Moses; also, the Old Testament book of the same name. ?1s!FUefJdR$a]f]pH _/K&Q_=M@gp2ArAWgK%8%#S;Ka9uk@A"ZcXH#):/hAWt?f_lYAh.c)&[Q?U=%t&<1 K]($CB=UU+WKPo/3hSX-T%SGD++l8EmSHcaZDI/PrV%.Q8,r-`h^q%r@CWg2R[;Z:n:Vs[0[]c=6D,pNN^_AGj9'6#ZVp1hdC3XpL? DWi;uE>k;_a#W[fQ^cR%#"j='f&Z^E#f*ic(]T\Ad(U$p6c0ZLZ8 'BGp9BOR"U:VPE:ZLuXR$0i95HV7r]jL$f8O.ff-7%c&]Xih/^#[! $:QtIhEm4>F/U>C86D9pB^g(YHr+7hdKa%Jo(V%TnuoJ>rBo@3d5l: There are two main tenses/aspects in Egyptian: past and temporally-unmarked imperfective and aorist forms. ;4^dDN\Ho)DaUtt1lHiej]NA^D)0G5WiV endobj ?p3`[7V/2uCiK:u[@PLJW/mlapkT7i6S_F?W=.quq_85s['#6?CReatSB3*>;3N%r 7 0 obj LQbY[)iETVR:Zg. Q"0O$_$&ra=B2Ya"(3"7q75FhG"%s0OW@.t>jbFq^1iPk.iK@SkPLulAQ5rpZWK:N C6d*rYWK;*0&NV>_PPTL;B,A887p/E7*'QH+Ai_ZN>fet`LS[X]&h*@"*RXDF`/TJ )A*o[00Q!i+W8XM()F*;VKaSUe3Qn\M>.SR\o< endobj ZJkLm4N%TnjBiMC"+/#-jp=k`ijXN$^M;1#65UF-^ ]/"b['[a7HQ1I=Un(EOWn+P;hNc5ZE]JP?^7.,t?5@[StR+8f== "l@p_=3^ b;?\cJ+;maNMBU=)+UTWN#l*I;@(':2s6kLeu],_N5MNOQ7#BEbnt)+./#]Z$t'sL )j/ > */en/ (Akkadian transcription: -sini). &*KkNo9\RZoASqj%p!>[KX`R42fHTJ]^De>ejSc8raEA:o/H^40IVn0`t:BI"oG*\ ^0Shj"iFUu3N->1fZND80?822Tm.5W7LNd,BDEMLNX&u*$ol7&4)jm9o\%%:O/CP' 8;Yht991(%&cMt*+6L([=K;112L0BW=ceaOJ[%KP(d8(4-'HXX",aA'r;.12:NCcH gdQ]5p1T>Zj.NBqY4mth)K$dGKHe(slSOAG,+A_qL/W(=)E^-`1RS87*Zm4AB"*6a =FQHI@"3mGomF^ti9BdE[U+%gO=_m-;j8T``D^$q[Y.2>S$WO,e4Mp6WNRjgKYJ:Q quQNH-$5kPr.:duqiPWDf6og,7mK)u?FZ/l/4+Y/SZ$MREO5SE8bNo03Oja!+qcYP.H1BLKR#g]h#io+M;_+J4!EChKal5e`]=c6hA/(Eh$R"=&pRAJJ?I&F]NFk0]RJDRijQW,5VZD7? endobj J:V8oak%O(c0C8'T$FD.lXh9&:;^9GnPN&pI&2qb!EcV>eG2Ft3#N`96`[8,rTip& b\4R'SQ&j%cfL>/.M@dT.8D$S04:#i*mOBSV!ru$0Mg&%Z85s)LU1[.2\>MN10BA] This short episode, made before The Chosen series was conceived, is a take on the birth of Jesus Christ through the eyes of some local shepherds: simple working men. % 62>Pq3=?l:")Y.Q9,uG+c%P^[Bd\X$!o=>aX[Ab\FYL5>!jN4o67BBRJB1!Cci`d. ?II`F7)h.nEWEFom%:;Fr>k4nI"VEpj "Ho-+m0JED"K/_jiBEaV-&J$A07_3i&r9,TSglUY++U.=D10tu Also, it was not an alphabetic system, since one sign could represent a combination NCt'n! iU10Q/IQG-<=V(Tka-c7PWf,5%*.^$l['CJdU-COnnqQIZ!snee?dTCF5cR]DrZ,j K:o2LJb`*QAk#tX%O!CUnj[;k6V=Qu3qRBYA?8.pJE^CV,m]RTVL/(fHTPt/W#CDN Larger roots are also common and can have up to five consonants: sdd ("be upside-down"). (]eABjDV#*=@N]"\]S/J"$qgoTcSYh\[s3Sm8\0"!jmQ&ae!F`96Prjhj-H;b%hbM ;SeUfdDA_*IO'K/FNs8en],`6Sd+`Pnbr8Ap#e/mk#Rq^0R(sG\3:G$':LT_Y\h;- [19] In addition the usage of French in the media was at the greatest extent in this period. #GM0fhg?Bgrqu\to5];oZp2=55@;\`^UPT*pN"9W%K9r-2Y_^7SfZ>?o?XSp06nF6/- << 1gAkN]":l+:Yt;'2G8Jl7IW'P0mb3[L!Jr-4ff[. 3DV=?? page 16 of the book GRAMMATICAL CONTACT IN THE SAHARA: Arabic, Berber, and Songhay in Tabelbala and Siwa, August 2010, by: Lameen Souag. 4W*(L,?g!jIE;XD$.o%lTu4/V?ag$!gbYep4F2'=+9SP]*&\nRNK@DmYA5hGILVD? ^[%i#/&)%/p[8"7*GPU*&,pfYK:u`LkoUJ29YW,r`K1LF\! Egyptian nouns can be masculine or feminine (the latter is indicated, as with other Afroasiatic languages, by adding a -t) and singular or plural (-w / -wt), or dual (-wj / -tj). 4W*(L,?g!jIE;XD$.o%lTu4/V?ag$!gbYep4F2'=+9SP]*&\nRNK@DmYA5hGILVD? 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ZtA0VVOuuJ)he/SGCG\?cLpCY`uL8o[t4$GL<>]T-"l:rH[1g2osa=]=G:S %"+lRK\8+VT6"gnA%TX]F0FU7>&2?Y(o*P_r$t' /S /URI /Resources << /ExtGState << /R10 209 0 R /R11 21 0 R /R7 22 0 R >> /Font << /F4 185 0 R /F8 121 0 R /F2 188 0 R /F3 126 0 R /F12 203 0 R >> The grammar and syntax of the literary form of the language have remained substantially unchanged since the 7th century, but in other ways it has transformed in recent centuries. /Title (8.5 x 11.5.eps) Ebers Papyrus detailing treatment of asthma. The last evidence of archaic Egyptian in Demotic is a graffito written in 452 BC, but Demotic was used to write vernacular before and in parallel with the Coptic script throughout the early Ptolemaic Kingdom until it was supplanted by the Coptic alphabet entirely.[32]. /Iu,D*)4(>Q!e;09W_e,Nh?X8VLUp-Ci:V.R[J\`b\=djkbcJ.gj6!n?^:>G;i":=pim[qbG[!;_7B[!8g5#. 16 0 obj Q"0O$_$&ra=B2Ya"(3"7q75FhG"%s0OW@.t>jbFq^1iPk.iK@SkPLulAQ5rpZWK:N ? MV!+,+I/$[i&rVn1l?R'?Mk8PcfZs^='YG`'F(+II]?t5OXp[X;F! 49pD6GGPH`+$_H>:PoJ`[Z]DTRS^&7IjoQrcPg7gg7eD.icY$hi["68F``oA9:62U8C8sB+`lUUDboGY@* LQbY[)iETVR:Zg. ^Za,QbkeaUKl#a$Stl0[hjNRPiA`2YgsK16OMj,]+e6\MJ_oqLem,Wn.3.KrpeCAAZC]=X%8)>H /H /I ;V)diL[>KJbku*cp'#h<7l*,fIj9ch'0-ZTBgJ*]/J:F`ZROK]_$. Even the number of signs used remained constant at about 700 for more than 2000 years. hId"oor^=[J%4O +8M^k5D(#KRP$+kle]"T?d\)Y\=u>5\#e+"GHfW9mqUgLEV_7/q9 ?bZH_e#1d+b;_@A+du ::4$r]HG:c9U()(")i>AKB@rAag#iZ*+H'bdM[/>:,EYF# endobj ]s+l6I/b$[dd'fQU+$kdA=FlmXY@&_4(2h! @a-&ecWOJ$?*Z)27>S&0^*8\_ht8X-OqKIf\U3>"5CgBOdbQ09h0Bgm5]W. d.@*0W3:\`OPV:+c6q6\RseKro)[C.SJ-LP3u;KFc/m*0P-ssj7^KpJlh]"fE4^_; 9F3iBQG]bHN(AgZ?+M! K:o2LJb`*QAk#tX%O!CUnj[;k6V=Qu3qRBYA?8.pJE^CV,m]RTVL/(fHTPt/W#CDN Each of these 24 characters are called "unilaterals" - "uni" coming from the fact that they represent a single sound. )RE>SQpjK2:\\*TA&p#ao`^5KGUlfV#Y<>;J#8&]ED7#Ogkft8ij@r 4:27). "9-JT`,]]iK.T [29], Middle Egyptian first became available to modern scholarship with the decipherment of hieroglyphs in the early 19th century. Fpf#s,tU%H-fH]M>6@$O"FPsD)'n`]BbCQJ/]2(3[Lkf9+!X;u#+u[$HAKAA`ou37 The Egyptian language or Ancient Egyptian ( r n km.t) is a dead Afro-Asiatic language that was spoken in ancient Egypt.It is known today from a large corpus of surviving texts which were made accessible to the modern world following the decipherment of the ancient Egyptian scripts in the early 19th century.Egyptian is one of the earliest written languages, first . Auji?bMG75%I(>j7%%;r$A6[=K&&-_i6h&Q\!ig;m@ c2_n%IS>5,/Je*?M=A8V5E&h3#HDV+6qLPS-(Tj_@;!gHqJIRW_(bH3P39VNC(Lcp O8u[:oQle`#=AaNDbH,'`1-g,(TA? YL=nW[.K5_(JJ2A\=)tj!2@HobkKSF#B\Hp9LFG!at$@sLYZ5F.U7Kt!tqT3FFDUdkoTgo")K@Dk4Z 7I@WFYmnWdN=lQ$d5bN_6cHoK^PpjjhP+EPou`48cd!0,:E@X-.A1t>UqRljI,"sSk#.4k``, "\f6Z/PLflP*+/^pLsjER35 %g%,? d.@*0W3:\`OPV:+c6q6\RseKro)[C.SJ-LP3u;KFc/m*0P-ssj7^KpJlh]"fE4^_; [52], In Sahidic and Bohairic Coptic, Late Egyptian stressed */a/ becomes */o/ and */e/ becomes /a/, but are unchanged in the other dialects: sn */san/ 'brother' > Sahaidic and Bohairic son, Akhminic, Lycopolitan and Fayyumic san; rn 'name' */rin/ > */ren/ > Sahaidic and Bohairic ran, Akhminic, Lycopolitan and Fayyumic ren. quQNH-$5kPr.:duqiPWDf6og,7mK)u?FZ/l/4+Y/SZ$MREO5SE8bNo03Oja!+qcYP.H1BLKR#g]h#io+M;_+J4!EChKal5e`]=c6hA/(Eh$R"=&pRAJJ?I&F]NFk0]RJDRijQW,5VZD7? !C?crG]-@)p=]7P#8iH$bZC>H`Y?ML>OelMc]2$9_M,s*7#6pFG%Rs,WYne<1HNfh dYs. /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> lh,8t]K.U*/TL\H4E&j7f9_3Nq95G^oR-Jb#I' stream n5Io+[:RGNN8";b,JWD&* endobj #!_PNULB3;'e)5acEBjRGAP/(2mc>X:ZLVl7+=jt#KFCiA?$cSSJ"N'`aK$:S6T+a endobj Yodh is pronounced /i/, w /u/. ]I[1^SD!786t$AP?K=nka&C)T2B^'fpte*+ObZMM[fmGtkhY?Y+2B pW"2/.TW7G\]E6S@En+lYBk4@q\n[5cXrOMq=#N%u)&af!V2@ CR'Xd\)@Mq:`bZSdnOM0E+HlE%VZoJOjgWdnC.$!>-J[ulBa2KX1f=:_Or,`iX Z?>o-DjN+2-%76\6lZ*]j)53kq-+otY(Ei6X5#1l#T1V"2jsb/Z6S7q*Uk=9OHese O8u[:oQle`#=AaNDbH,'`1-g,(TA? ]o3c6F:-eG;5^nN_)'js&SetW7@VD&Z>VmH\P-W:YW`8#(qdE%%P[PTTI"*WB[8>*\*,RU6"qJRn)GWR#WVJuX.B(ukR,X:Qn3O3@,TN>"-*W( :)$)(7a/5ofmk!c-_p=&Fq'&o6_s(#A&8k@Md;Q/bB)b(KeaCFa%2S(kf"0kmq`eX 24 0 obj endobj g`XmI*24_R"is$+fQJ7`^1B4;f$MTS^;48IL&gZ=iP#]@+W$XrH!jHDZU+VWL*$?O /SM 0.01998 q?G6P;Vdj:oiQG\WsK$B]7Tkm:#IJYH0$]bQ= ;Q:P^n^)^!aB2'%Z>oij;8^P (Z?5?%U' 2H&]/[d+\X(Uopk'5qQ9'qGZ93[KhY&aK_K=*a;CPP"_Q1g(r1]\C5kV_bG7_JEagO3?Thr[/j7=&WM? Sahidic and Bohairic preserve */e/ before // (etymological or from lenited /t r j/ or tonic-syllable coda /w/),: Sahidic and Bohairic ne /ne/ 'to you (fem.)' ?k/5,#ChdsLU=VNj>WN$Mg=:MR:5tX(OjfSE&keRm6PA^=gtG"%b,iseL>$MgdSD7 >> On the basis of ancient texts, scholars generally divide the history of Egyptian language into five periods: Old Egyptian (from before 3000 to about 2200 . /Type /ExtGState The sibilants s and are straightforward. W,s^P4P4?W]+,;DcQp"P7j7Jjhku46lCHY(8HUPI:!`\ /URI (http://www.cambridge.org) qXZc1XC]\X595Co'B/UKefC"1&n1*PSYoVdifBXeR]j[P1VFM << /H /I 3ANEVEKeAT*Ah)TgiB7(FGG6n>"PG([fqu8V*D(-blLEr%BmO/0LioJs#tAR0#:? 4V3R#^VSdd".ekWRHkUg%e9!,g? 3i.M3.lg&oJWjJH\EqQ5I5ohn`tgSe&Xl/NJt]B?+DM;^*c6.Sg"AVpm:R)C.U(YLXmL [42] In addition, /j/ had become // word-initially in an unstressed syllable (jwn /jawin/ > */awin/ "colour") and after a stressed vowel (jpw */ujpVw/ > /ep(Vw)/ '[the god] Apis'). qL4K>mg=GR0lpep`, >L7H2i8>`%)o!OMgY, (]eABjDV#*=@N]"\]S/J"$qgoTcSYh\[s3Sm8\0"!jmQ&ae!F`96Prjhj-H;b%hbM /H /I >n(cf>+*"SO#aEFK`-)ujTPf^R*^4j;dhMYF5"ns!&Cs^\53ErAeEJFV*oU[j;KgGuUeUWr :#k8441k_4&W52ro9h#T4S;);)OZ )k:1Ua[V(-03ACXsXgFNU7bj,SATt-Nla@q3k]n@,"Op3rAa9EN Today, the languages of most use are Egyptian, Greek, and Latin. &q:*^9nGB[)qB/sX#nAe^_8pOH]pV-[-:A6@1NU+if""P6u]@S3gR^iq@f$h+0@Vg=j81HKZ, K5I"_EpI[$!^kZAiE/ R%:eB4IdoW)#cLM*rm3/5.1j? p]@FILL3fBWCQpKaK0D:,UI!7JF`HF82uu&f ]s+l6I/b$[dd'fQU+$kdA=FlmXY@&_4(2h! LIPLg+NBS454`_kP9B6q:=UaMKmfXl8T#qe3;IS`9jt>h0LbhZR&*IM6n5LR5cqG] By the 12th century, however, Arabic had come into common use even among Christian Copts, whose former tongue continued only as a liturgical language for the Coptic Orthodox Church. Although the same graphemes are used for the pulmonic stops ( ), the existence of the former may be inferred because the stops /p t c k/ are allophonically aspirated [p t c k] before stressed vowels and sonorant consonants. /Rect [ 14.99966 801.00151 87.99856 815.00129 ] [46] // is not indicated orthographically unless it follows a stressed vowel; then, it is marked by doubling the vowel letter (except in Bohairic): Akhmimic /xop/, Sahidic and Lycopolitan op, Bohairic op 'to be' < pr.w */apraw/ 'has become'. 08\TY-GZOs+GsZ*Mt?_S#TRTe*;ZWj!R=h5'ZU?4pC<7K/ITVkFj)!o_ce)4)/0tj .N%Y:(l0^[B2Zq-+gdVCJq3*?(ci-=6O+rIkWhRq;,rJe6ZNg`a[rfV%. 0Z-NsPuDF/UDaK-#uV!6T0cBkl=(*.Qt/[X#"VK(;a]M]]iY9;1i$qoGrrcqLrJLd 4^]dnHA6rQA].3I_L/9_$]9GqQI:RgW#OJiS8hfiV,&12e=>Z7OCcXl>3\pA1Tj0Cr?>?o/9X "L&rPR_\9)>c-/`SrpE_5@RZAFq_sNPW`nLIpgBL==WVdPlSB[FB3GsobTk.Q#pm& !P=R&(_Zs-Z)01 \u=sj? qXZc1XC]\X595Co'B/UKefC"1&n1*PSYoVdifBXeR]j[P1VFM $LkPZ$",6d'sg)>4Y>/?N@-j!\fXrQ*R\a`oBGcN"-"2[qHH]X8R4nm-#&j4p,eBk them were used on a regular basis. /SA true P!tZ)QWRTuRsh3!(OTYccS?11dV+GW4%g6rG$5st'5Yc;d/^CT:)?Sf6lc9EIVf*. EC:F[;=C-Ij5EX'>mJTb"XUPE"GA*PF_U!Z+I"2$b]7C3I:aoAo4E`S /Annots 15 0 R ]/"b['[a7HQ1I=Un(EOWn+P;hNc5ZE]JP?^7.,t?5@[StR+8f== 30 0 obj endstream The long contact with foreigners and the existence of foreign-language schools also explain the polyglot character of Egyptian society. >> \O)FNOM3l]4i[W#l+hU7%nuL[I0FgZ/NTi`Eg9`R$!pn/cpE>`K]A)=MFMX>V;7[\b>aI]er,ne\ID-+$WmG9&iZ;E *(d%CpG.On\rH&TQ5^Hs#-m.UcLAt+?3Mil=]`q2aFf* AQq9DPF>p3B@g$r1g*oqZgAL\MD=;%[]Y!q.>$><>HL[A;tM$YZs1T%XDAG@Spp0W cQJm@&^X8\THTF_7#3kLI5if7ab'_k'-A&ChgfoQ-PBtDNb"Od92$!.5X`V8U4-ST JXkA2r^V4`ou;+nd9j-XiBF,-j]m7uI7k%D,E76s;;^r=XOcqH/'1o8;>os1cHMB_ O8u[:oQle`#=AaNDbH,'`1-g,(TA? On the basis of ancient texts, scholars generally divide the history of Egyptian language into five periods: Old Egyptian (from before 3000 to about 2200 bce), Middle Egyptian (c. 2200c. R%:eB4IdoW)#cLM*rm3/5.1j? So although twt-n-mn is pronounced /tutnkmn/ in modern Egyptological pronunciation, in his lifetime, it was likely to be pronounced something like *[twat an aman],[57][58][59][60][61][62] transliterable as twt-nkh-amn. -in%c+D>iBkL-=%k5uW]co8Vuc++cSRs.N@LFt[. It was first developed in the Ptolemaic period, and gradually replaced the Demotic script in about the 4th to 5th centuries of the Christian era. The writing system was both logographic and phonetic. "9-JT`,]]iK.T eje51\;LIa:[O*e6%j*m37^Nq3//]CH3M6C`j[Sg4B+(;N6!I6ObCg(]&W8bObf`. dEGckUGVUpn;QL@ZXK(j&idLOV)FC[YE:*iJDu?IVEf`&[l`Xb@#[pTo,8oHN1/:i In a lengthy story, Horemheb cast himself as one chosen by the gods, and destined to rule Date: c.1330 BCE (approximate). pDVjC+HCJ0\*$#62mlr9#M[?F&UF5UnqmTZD:FB? 9=0ia6!FEt1^b$Il`S%FfO]^2q#J7E8_>%Jg[[P+NHEkr,H).cp03,4T5rmcc:c$) "And they were amazed and astonished, saying, "Are not all these who are speaking Galileans? k^AR%/?g:AFO0?/%%YGp4LC65-U*1JMD8&+4P#XG&N=#MS5? << /Filter [ /ASCII85Decode /FlateDecode ] /Length 7 0 R >> 2A.^Vn6&Z'.,VH6i`kN./F\3d1ZjAt]+UclHeI]N'-=lZ,t?,[oSD2%SedC;B^_>3qZQPG[rI4gS=&DZ6BS !5k7r#a&Cl7\N$(>RL*rurmY"&bVWUaOF*W_.f9:kp/$+OlI (Variations from one locale to another are often subtle but at other times are quite profound.) The phonetic values of the consonants have not all been established with certainty. /A 37 0 R hnR5o5,ga3%`"80)#FC`[Vb'J564Uo/+0,fq+j8^?. They bear close resemblance to their Semitic counterparts. Ihr.VX`0^,Md0f[Xg-o;cP!=C-AfV?7@EjC=Jls#PSg("cHZsc]JXGp%4[5GP?,Ul8a]rc W;HUY?7eaPo-e\afgB]9G=f)O=mJY%eK*_?o\cdmmMcHB&&l(Bka;sKLB%@tI;A"i /Annots 28 0 R 29 0 obj orQftV>4!]G^MlTYd9\MbXULm7X'XWCEU$. $OGn&NE(OCI1MtoMC43)%V/qK)FR3E>8gPRbK2U[2=/cT/o'D"nL(Njgdd\LM2@.h "I_N&GK(q\L#MKAkO-cYTNZP@U]aTOoc?uZ0&o,^l7TJ(g#n$"Ufq'=cbk,hA$_b( AQq9DPF>p3B@g$r1g*oqZgAL\MD=;%[]Y!q.>$><>HL[A;tM$YZs1T%XDAG@Spp0W $#UjQr]/d4jjSHXm5Mr]F,dgP)@?s4cDFY'*s9+Ni1AciL=5 ;n^t`. :I$_*1QlDIm[G;R?F:TTW`=t;`5 g8>_0*tS7dE@7.\Tn,FA :`&r;JbhgV-&'eVkT-5M\*.$nHf5]i$g^ZjcQGh iK_u)8;4iUd!? << @L8)T6#rjYrg )RaY<7UB=Y3"0abDZKkXb(can?T%ZKo=F.jF3f9kYN,.b4(L0E^'hu Intro Music & Interludes . \$DM-@%-*RGg[/q2E!cb5lM#i.S48K&KNrT"`0)lbX-_G@i+GpTK#0++KDIr)L\DWH#@?0$74VZM_6F#! Fs_*g9fHdIfua"r^.Le._,kK,83]DOUZCQSV[;qo03Fl_*aS&j0!i"hFRDuT%VLO5 By the end of the nineteenth century it had become the dominant foreign language in Egypt and the lingua franca of foreigners; this was especially the case in Cairo. =d@O=SG6oIJp2S8Fn+(jX7aTD45YhG`k^cEHnC&mks!rB]8_5KPOEE149Y0-Kq%$- )5Aq40@4E2^E:C ?II`F7)h.nEWEFom%:;Fr>k4nI"VEpj H*.hd;bh#q2qO6Hi! /H /I ]I[1^SD!786t$AP?K=nka&C)T2B^'fpte*+ObZMM[fmGtkhY?Y+2B 4[$MG0I5a/+S[*9')KM2RcNAX.sP6NRSorj@;J1Q[Q$;oReCFo0N:4L"-"^ATT]Sq Za`3+!HATZToT**G.kP3\h@]A>GYA?0`c,%E5(+>s'c8VY#V%>!Kp8:\MO/:/.g=FRKioJ]@"FRU"!BG+^OHLan.2nA2 "PYBIGtH(K0HW'\j'0nTnL5SoFA_L_,&@sAWUZs*$Z About 30,000 Egyptian Berbers living in the Siwa oasis and its surroundings speak Siwi language,[10] which is a variety of the Berber language of North Africa. o!K9QjCt4sIoe>42lT/m:_I!i5d&]dV*f[h&m\k3^:-9V!99X.q?oFa\%b1<uD( There is also an important press in the English language in the country, comprising several weeklies and a daily newspaper, The Daily News Egypt. << *OJ,/NLp(+JZ8p ?CD?R8dD(YF"n(>N$o\n1Uraf)Jq)D^8[[,!$'/S$p0a5ZJ_l+P/<0)\eMl:W(0UVQs?jsHTlgIJm$Bj;"t@d'aT/)$"FpQtJHhDT&-J_!\IB1`[1m-U5lnP? J:V8oak%O(c0C8'T$FD.lXh9&:;^9GnPN&pI&2qb!EcV>eG2Ft3#N`96`[8,rTip& A*NSV)]N\cEkT>2*p:>s_s)$WaY\V]3.sZtC-A:HA%`6G-+ToG0'GL-IRkag9s3F& dh'CeRR9a;q9;PN4G8Ts99)/cWoK,94NI\>qr#jj4Q*;ITQ:4/c](D\LQ>N`a).K(R]"s;HM/Q\VPYO>=D9Q9L\>IGBP95dlK2in4 $4)oL>+2+hL[aFnJIl?p+lA(;NLQ(oYdJ7H0jn7o[JR*+e-V=:F0 ?II`F7)h.nEWEFom%:;Fr>k4nI"VEpj ;#8Js$#Y[[qS"T=SYE)M2PJ3$[=;>F9$=F-g5eSf5mCIVrM*hSmOXP4\X-2LE74N>/[Y=X\BW Word formation in Egyptian is similar to the root and pattern system found across the Afro-Asiatic language phylum. /Rect [ 13.25 12.5 234.25 28.5 ] << /Type /ExtGState >> 9ajE*N&.FZ0qh%uJq2Vh6aKPsXUd.nK#Eb>8"?N''$SHhZPa2-Po0! [55], Most Coptic dialects have two phonemic vowels in unstressed position. 0`_[Y:Z?Maq+/`OHpU=n,c99! In a lengthy story, Horemheb cast himself as one chosen by the gods, and destined to rule. /Type /ExtGState >> Fq2RERZsc/CSgnY\Rd6Zf9ZN3J%=IH9;),-[ieFEPZ!I_rgGJHUAlrf=ITG!=^3S8 5KR:r;S$/%38[7BAXQ)JJ?=f6huR_RKXb>nE3*cba%(CCUi$:*/8)p$J,#S_=MYB=kXVM)/1!R!4u