This is unlike what happens after your period starts, in which case your temperature drops and stays down for several days. According to the University of Tennessee's Center for Physical Activity and Health, your temperature is likely to fall gradually during pregnancy. Because the shift you're looking for is so small, its important to take your temperature at the same time every morning before you get up or move. PDR Health: Pneumonia in Adults Treatment, LoveToKnow Pregnancy: Miscarriage and Basal Body Temperature. You can take your temperature orally, vaginally, or rectally. You won't have to worry about whether your temperature is sustained long enough or not or spend time calculating when you might be most fertile the next day. During pregnancy, a one-day drop in BBT rarely occurs (indicators are restored the next day). After ovulation, your body releases progesterone, causing your temperature to rise by roughly 1 degree. Any use of this site constitutes your agreement to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy linked below. A tilted (, 10 Ways to Relieve a Dry Cough During Pregnancy, There are a variety of reasons why you may have a dry cough during pregnancy, such as a virus, allergies or throat irritants. Use the same method each time for consistent results. But if you notice changes that cause you concern, always remember that your healthcare provider is your best source for personalized guidance about what is going on with your pregnancy. If you opt for the vaginal or rectal methods, the waiting period for a mercury thermometer is only three minutes. If you didn't conceive during the current cycle, basal body temperature will dip again roughly 10 to 14 days after ovulation. Food and Drug Administration. Thats because if your internal temperature gets too high, especially in your first trimester, it can potentially increase the risk of miscarriage, neural tube defects (aka birth defects of the brain, spine or spinal cord) and developmental problems, including cleft lip and palate and congenital heart defects, according to the doctors we spoke with. Ncbi.Nlm.Nih.Gov, 2020, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK546686/.HsiuWei, Su. Tracking your basal body temperature doesn't require special preparation. The hormone progesterone raises your body temperature, while estrogen lowers it. The second surge in estrogen could be why some women experience implantation dips. Should i be worried about a low basal temperature? The software will do that for you. Throughout the day, BBT fluctuates due to stress, cold, heat, exercise, food consumption, etc. Some women find charting to be an empowering way to learn about their bodies and increase their odds of getting pregnant. Detecting the change Your basal body temperature is tracked in the fertility awareness method (fam) in order to compare changes in temperature over the month. Our website is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. To get pregnant, you need to have sex before the shift occurs. By carefully following these guidelines, youll be well prepared to achieve the BBT chart results you want! This is why charting is done to help track a person's most fertile window and predict if implantation has occurred. Your early pregnancy temperature range starts out higher, particularly in the first trimester, Greves says, and then falls as your pregnancy progresses. In early pregnancy, the BBT stays high due to the rise in progesterone, a sex hormone. You're most likely to conceive just before or during ovulation, but you can get pregnant at any time during your menstrual cycle, even if you are having your period. Also a mother of four, she is well-versed in pregnancy care. Ayer Company Publishers; 2018. All rights reserved. Persistence of the elevated basal . An ovulation pattern will gradually emerge, allowing you to plan accordingly for the days leading up to the next temperature increase. Dont get out of bed, talk, or engage in any other activities before checking your temperature. It responds to changes in your internal and external environment. Basal body temperature can be used as a way to predict fertility or as a part of a method of contraception, by helping you gauge the best days to have or avoid unprotected sex. You need a consistent series of them, and you need to record them somewhere. One of the most efficient ways to track your basal body temperature is with a fertility charting app or computer program. Your core body temperature has a range, Wider says, making it hard to get an exact read on what your new body temp is. Temperature changes in your sleep environment. Once you've reached eight weeks of pregnancy, however, tracking your BBT isn't likely to offer much insight into how your pregnancy is going. Eating healthy foods, avoiding alcohol and drinking six to eight large glasses of water each day can help expedite the recovery process. By now, most experts agree that not everyone has a normal body temperature of 98.6. Why Do I Have a Metallic Taste in My Mouth during Pregnancy? Maternal plasma estradiol levels in normal and complicated pregnancies. Ncbi.Nlm.Nih.Gov, 2017, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5689497/ . Charting your basal body temperature (BBT) may help you identify the changes that your body goes through during your menstrual cycle. With daily monitoring of BBT, an increase of 0.51.0 degrees Fahrenheit (0.3 to 0.6 degrees Celsius) should be detected on the day after ovulation. Creating a comprehensive BBT chart can assist you in: Also, a BBT graph can tell you on which days to refrain from having unprotected sex to avoid conception. Its important to let your doctor know whats going on, even if your fever is low. Your basal body temperature is your body's temperature at complete rest. This combination of approaches is sometimes referred to as the symptothermal or symptohormonal method. Libido, or the desire to be sexually intimate, can change along with the emotional and physical upheava. Read our, What Triphasic Charts Mean for Early Pregnancy, In Vitro Fertilization (IVF): What to Expect, Detecting Ovulation With a Basal Body Temperature Chart, 8 Signs of Ovulation That Help Detect Your Most Fertile Time, Understanding the Implantation Dip on Body Basal Temperature Charts, How to Track Ovulation When Trying to Conceive, When and How Often to Have Sex to Get Pregnant, Apple Watch Series 8 Includes Ovulation Tracking. If you have a mild fever, you can take acetaminophen (Tylenol) to try to bring it down, Ruiz says. You may want to chart additional symptoms, such as pelvic pain and breast tenderness. Fetal movement changes from trimester to trimester and rapid movements are usually normal. You should always consult with a qualified physician or health professional about your specific circumstances. Some women also notice a dip the day before they ovulate, which is likely caused by the primary estrogen surge that comes just before ovulation. Low basal body temperature after ovulation, Can you have low hcg levels and still be pregnant, Elevated basal body temperature after ovulation, High basal body temperature before period, High basal body temperature during period. See your doctor if you're concerned, especially if you have other symptoms. However, several factors (e.g., stress, illness, lack of sleep) make it less than foolproof. Mollison holds an M.A. Symptoms of sepsis include extremely high or low body temperature, change in skin color, vomiting and difficulty breathing. Furthermore, it'll last for about 10 to 14 days. https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/fertility-awareness-based-methods-of-family-planning. Whats considered a normal pregnancy temperature? Log all BBT data on paper or with an app like Flo for at least two to three cycles. Non-pregnancy charts can also have the dip, which would mean that the phenomenon is not exclusive to pregnancy. If it seems you're not ovulating, or if your luteal phase looks too short, you can share this information easily with your doctor. When to Take Ovulation Tests: Reasons for Positive and Negative Results, Ovulation Kit: How to Choose the Right Fertility Predictor for Maximum Accuracy, 2023 Flo Health Inc., Flo Health UK Limited, Ovulation calculator: Figure out your most fertile days, hCG calculator: How to track your hCG levels at home, Pregnancy test calculator: Figure out when a pregnancy test is most accurate, Period calculator: Predict when your next period will arrive. After one month of temp charting, I was pregnant! In contrast, mercury thermometers must be shaken. While your body temperature when pregnant is highest in the first trimester, keep in mind that your core temperature will increase more easily later in your pregnancy when you exercise or are out and about in hot weather, Wider says. She has a Bachelor of Arts in English from Westmont College, and completed her teaching credential in 2014 through Azusa Pacific University. Lack of sleep. Tracking your BBT in the first weeks of pregnancy may offer peace of mind that everything is okay with your pregnancy until you can confirm your baby is growing through an early ultrasound. Bioeng Transl Med. If your normal body temperature hasnt risen during pregnancy, dont panic. Estrogen levels are also higher in women who are pregnant. This fact could explain why a temperature decline is seen more frequently on pregnancy charts. After the female egg cell is released at ovulation, BBT increases to between 97.6F (36.4C) and 98.6F (37C). This jump in temperature is caused by the hormone progesterone, which increases after ovulation. Likewise, using the basal body temperature method for birth control doesn't pose any direct risks, but it doesn't offer protection from sexually transmitted infections and it's one of the least effective natural family planning methods. Mood swings, being overly emotional with no obvious reason, Persistent nausea with or without vomiting, particularly in the morning when there is nothing on your stomach, Cramping and/or Slight bleeding (implantation bleeding) that happens even when it is not time for your period. The basal body temperature can drop before (a rise in estrogen) and after ovulation. But evidence supporting this association is lacking. i heard the pill raises your temperature? When conception does not occur, the BBT chart should show two temperature levels. During ovulation, her body temperature should go up between .4 and .6 degrees. You will need a basal thermometer that displays at least one-tenth of a degree. While anecdotal evidence has suggested that the BBT implantation dip is seen more often on pregnancy charts than it is on non-pregnancy charts, an implantation dip is not a . During pregnancy, a woman's basal body temperature is higher than normal by about 0.5 to 1.5 degrees.. Since the egg only lives one day, by the time BBT indicates ovulation there's little fertile time left to conceive. There are other signs of ovulation you can watch for, such as increased sexual desire. How to Track Ovulation When You're Trying to Get Pregnant, The Best Way to Take a Pregnancy Test When You're Trying to Conceive, Detecting Ovulation With a Basal Body Temperature Chart, The Mystery and Importance of the Luteal Phase, What Triphasic Charts Mean for Early Pregnancy, 8 Signs of Ovulation That Help Detect Your Most Fertile Time. Springer, Cham; 2015:189-213. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-15856-3_10. For example, 98.4 is four-tenths higher than 98.0. Hazel Mollison has more than five years of experience writing for national and regional newspapers. After you ovulate, it goes up to 97-99F about four-tenths of one degree higher than your usual temperature. Take your temperature first thing every . A temperature drop in the basal body temperature BBT chart about a week or so after ovulation could well mean that there was implantation and pregnancy has occured. Your basal body temperature (BBT) is your lowest body temperature in a 24-hour period. MayoClinic.com: Getting Pregnant: Symptoms of Pregnancy; February 2011. Read our. After ovulation, your body releases progesterone, causing your temperature to rise by roughly 1 degree. The pill should not significantly change your body temperature. Join Flo as we take a closer look at how to measure BBT accurately and get pregnant more quickly. If this applies to you, you should mention it to your doctor to determine whether there are other underlying health issues you need to address. Basal body temperature charting is not for everyone. "Family Planning/Contraception Methods". They include a defective thermometer, inconsistent measuring techniques, or altered mental and physical states due to stress, fatigue, illness, etc. For example, it should be somewhere around 97-97.5 degrees. Over time, the data on the BBT graph will prove to be far more reliable. There are some who believe that the basal body temperature could dip on implantation, so what you saw yesterday could have been the so called "implantation dip". Being overly stressed cannot only reduce your sex drive (which is, so to say, necessary for the process), but it can make it harder for you to get pregnant. BBT and pregnancy Late Ovulation Causes and Symptoms: Is It Common? In order to create red blood cells, the body must have a healthy amount of iron. You recently gave birth or stopped taking birth control pills or other hormonal contraceptives. Indigestion. Dangers of a high body temperature when pregnant Make sure youve had at least three hours of sleep prior to checking your BBT. Always utilize the same type of measurement (orally, vaginally, or rectally). One of the earliest signs of pregnancy is an increase in BBT that occurs after implantation, as progesterone levels rise to support a pregnancy. Its helpful to keep the following things in mind: If a fertilized egg fails to implant, progesterone levels and basal body temperature both return to normal before menstruation. Su HW, Yi YC, Wei TY, Chang TC, Cheng CM. Did you know your normal body temperature when pregnant can be a tad higher than it was pre-pregnancy? The upward shift caused by ovulation is at least four-tenths of a degree. What is implantation? This dip usually coincides with the start of your next period. If diagnosed and treated early enough, the baby's health can be protected and birth complications can be avoided. By Rachel Gurevich, RN Fertility Friday Publishing Inc.; 2019. Some women may choose to use the basal body temperature method for religious reasons. Appointments 216.444.6601. What constitutes a fever during pregnancy? This may help you determine when you're most likely to conceive. The bodys circadian rhythm is disrupted (e.g., by jet lag). After ovulation: Immediately after ovulation in the earlier part of your luteal phase, your . Mayo Clinic. But I still tested a week ago! With an implantation dip, the fall only lasts a dayyour temperature will go back up the next day. 2015;103(5):1319-1325.e3. The first (and biggest) surge occurs just before ovulation and leads to fertile cervical mucus and a boost in sexual desire.. There is a second surge about midway through the luteal phase. "Mayo," "Mayo Clinic," "MayoClinic.org," "Mayo Clinic Healthy Living," and the triple-shield Mayo Clinic logo are trademarks of Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. Bethany Marroquin is a writer and credentialed English teacher from Southern California. Mayo Clinic; 2019. for Basal body temperature for natural family planning, Mayo Clinic on Incontinence - Mayo Clinic Press, NEW The Essential Diabetes Book - Mayo Clinic Press, NEW Ending the Opioid Crisis - Mayo Clinic Press, FREE Mayo Clinic Diet Assessment - Mayo Clinic Press, Mayo Clinic Health Letter - FREE book - Mayo Clinic Press, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic School of Continuous Professional Development, Mayo Clinic School of Graduate Medical Education, Basal body temperature for natural family planning, Book: Mayo Clinic Guide to a Healthy Pregnancy, Book: Mayo Clinic Guide to Fertility and Conception. You might see a small dip on your chart almost every month on the seventh or eighth day after you ovulate. The Flo app offers a great basal body temperature tracker, so be sure to download it today! While it is more common in infants and the elderly, women can experience "puerperal sepsis" during pregnancy. This content does not have an English version. Most women's basal body temperature is between 97 to 97.5 degrees Fahrenheit before ovulation; after ovulation, it typically ranges from 97.6 to 98.6 F. But other factors can impact basal body temperature, too: Stress. 2020; doi:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2019.12.003. She is a professional member of the Association of Health Care Journalists and has been writing about womens health since 2001. In the late luteal phase, when the corpus luteum regresses and serum progesterone level decreases, the BBT returns to the lower range either one to two days before or just at the onset of menstrual bleeding. The average human body temperature is 98.6 degrees F, but can range anywhere from 97.5 to 98.8 degrees and still be considered healthy. Video chat with a U.S. board-certified doctor 24/7 in less than one minute for common issues such as: colds and coughs, stomach symptoms, bladder infections, rashes, and more. Seeing an implantation dip on your BBT chart is more likely when you are pregnant, but it is not a reliable sign of pregnancy. 2020. Women tend to be at greater risk of anemia, and pregnant women in particular, as around half of all pregnant women are iron deficient. A persons menstrual cycle consists of two phases (occurring before and after ovulation). Jennings V. Fertility awareness-based methods of pregnancy prevention. Your metabolic rate increases, generating extra heat. ): There should be no discomfort, itching, pain, burning or redness in the perineum. Does an Implantation Dip Mean You're Pregnant? It usually falls by around 0.5 degrees during the first trimester, and 0.2 degrees each month afterward. Contraception FAQ024: Fertility awareness-based methods of family planning. Heres the Deal, 8 Best Pregnancy Belly Bands to Support Your Baby Bump, Body Dysmorphia in Pregnancy: How to Combat Negative Body Image, Best of Pregnancy Winner for Best Pregnancy-Safe Sunscreen, Best of Pregnancy Winner for Best Body Oil, Best of Pregnancy Winner: Readers Favorite Pregnancy-Safe Sunscreen, Best of Pregnancy Winner for Best Pregnancy-Safe Makeup Brand, Best of Pregnancy Winner for Best Pregnancy Bath Salts, Best of Pregnancy Winner for Best Belly Butter, Best of Pregnancy Winner for Best Morning Sickness Relief. There can be simple problems with the thermometer or other factors at play. Ovulation may cause a slight increase in basal body temperature. How Basal Body Temperature Charting Can Help You Get Pregnant. This site complies with the HONcode standard for trustworthy health information: verify here. Also, most fertility charting apps allow you to put this information into your chart. If your BBT stays at 98 degrees or higher past the time your period is due, this may be a sign that you are pregnant. How to Track Ovulation When Trying to Conceive, How to Use Ovulation Test Strips to Detect Fertility. Never check your BBT in the underarm region, as it wont provide an accurate reading. If you're hoping to avoid pregnancy, unprotected sex is off-limits from the start of your menstrual period until three to four days after your basal body temperature rises every month. But you need to have sex before ovulation to get pregnant. Helpful facts to know include that while unprotected sex doesn't lead to pregnancy every time, you . Christine Greves, MD, FACOG, is an ob-gyn at the Orlando Health Winnie Palmer Hospital for Women & Babies in Orlando, Florida. Most often, a woman will experience changes in both her cervical mucus and a rise in basal body temperature near the time of ovulation. What constitutes a fever during pregnancy? G. Thomas Ruiz, MD, is the lead ob-gyn at MemorialCare Orange Coast Medical Center in Fountain Valley, California. 21st ed. Low temperatures usually are less concerning than high ones, but if your temperature falls below 95, talk to your doctor, as it can be a sign of a serious condition. This is slightly trickier and has a steeper learning curve, but it may still be worth looking into. Thats why BBT charting should not be used as the only means of contraception. Therefore, some people attribute a sudden one-day dip in temperature to implantation. If you are pregnant and your temperature drops below 95 degrees while experiencing flu-like symptoms, you should see a doctor immediately. Track your temperature readings. Regulation of Implantation and Establishment of Pregnancy in Mammals. Fertility Friend. Fertility and ovulation can affect your basal body temperature, leading to fluctuations. For some people, however, tracking BBT in early pregnancy can cause anxiety and lead to extra stress. For example, if your baseline body temperature pre-pregnancy was 98.2, your body temperature when pregnant could be 98.4. Check out these best-sellers and special offers on books and newsletters from Mayo Clinic Press. The app calculates your fertile days based on daily temperature readings as well as other information you input about your menstrual cycle. Here's how to chart your BBT: If you have passed the day of your expected period and have a sustained rise in body temperature above 98 degrees for 18 days or more, you may be pregnant. The act of taking their temperature and charting may give them a sense of control and confidence with regard to their fertility. However, these signs of early pregnancy arent infallible. We want to know other symptoms, Greves says. As many as 1 in 4 women maybe even more who use fertility awareness-based methods to prevent pregnancy will become pregnant after one year of typical use. Medical News Today only shows you brands and products that we stand behind.. Our team thoroughly researches and evaluates the recommendations we make on our site. To track your menstrual cycle using BBT, you'll take your temperature every day and note it on a chart. However, if you are pregnant and your temperature falls below 95 degrees, you might have a serious condition and should immediately be examined by a doctor. Once you've got the right kind of thermometer, here's what to do next: Taking your temperature is only part one. Often, people use this method in combination with other fertility awareness-based methods for avoiding pregnancy. You can do this on a paper chart or an app designed for this purpose. Every morning before you get out of bed, take your basal temperature using a basal body thermometer or a digital oral thermometer. Low body temperature can sometimes be indicative of anemia, a condition that results from a lack of red blood cells, which take oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body. Despite its name, it's not clear whether embryo implantation does cause a temporary drop in basal body temperature. I have had two infections of the ovaries in the past connected to my celiac, and I was scared that I might not be able to get pregnant at all. Follow these steps to get an accurate BBT reading: BBT values obtained over a menstrual cycle should be entered into a chart thats divided into two phases. It rises slightly when youre expecting due to the increase in your bodys blood volume to meet the demands of your growing baby, explains womens health expert Jennifer Wider, MD. Get prescriptions or refills through a video chat, if the doctor feels the prescriptions are medically appropriate. But, the method requires motivation and diligence. A temperature drop in the basal body temperature BBT chart about a week or so after ovulation could well mean that there was implantation and pregnancy has occured. An implantation dip is a one-day drop in temperature on a basal body temperature chart. Jennifer Wider, MD, is a New York City-based womens health expert and author. The basal body temperature increases by 0.51.0 degrees Fahrenheit (0.30.6 degrees Celsius) and plateaus throughout the luteal phase. For most people, 96- 98 Fahrenheit is their typical temperature before ovulation. You might also use an electronic fertility monitor to measure hormone levels in your urine, which can tell you which days you're fertile. Changes in basal body temperature seem to result from progesterones impact on the bodys thermoregulatory center, as well as fluctuations in estrogen. Didnt even have to take a pregnancy test because the chart showed so clearly that I had to be pregnant. Certainly, 37c corresponds to 98.6 f - normal human bodies can be several degrees up or down without being abnormal, and many factors including enviro Can morning low basal body temperature be a sign of hypothyroidism mine between 96.08-97.7 for the last 18 mornings (before rising). Never let your core body temperature rise above 102. Although bbts are not a very effective way of timing ovulation; in the classic situation, your temperature drops right before ovulation and than spike You will not see a biphasic shift in your temperature. The act of timing sex for ovulation (as opposed to having sex frequently and not trying to specifically time intercourse for their fertile window) can add more stress and be a negative experience for some couples. Can I Still Be Pregnant Even If I Got My Period? Every piece of content at Flo Health adheres to the highest editorial standards for language, style, and medical accuracy. If you have a good idea of your normal baseline temperature, its important to know this: Its usually a little higher in pregnancy. Heres how to recognize an implantation dip on your BBT chart, what causes it, and what the actual odds are that you're pregnant if you see one. Hatcher RA, et al., eds. Record your daily basal body temperature and look for a pattern to emerge. For the most accurate results, always take your temperature using the same method. You sleep with an electric blanket, electric sheets, or a heating pad. The upward shift caused by ovulation is at least four-tenths of a degree. Basal body temperature (BBT) is the lowest body temperature attained during a period of rest, and its particularly useful in estimating the day of ovulation. How many days before ovulation does mucus appear? A low basal body temperature will appear during the first phase, and a high one will appear during the second. Our body temperature changes based on movement, how much sleep you've had, the time of day, exercise levels, and hormonal changes. In addition to his current work, Dr. Amos is using his vast experience to launch Obie, a science-based app that offers personalized fertility advice. A single copy of these materials may be reprinted for noncommercial personal use only. This will show you the pattern of your daily temperature readings. One Flo user shares her story on how BBT-based tracking helped confirm she was pregnant: My husband and I stopped using birth control for a few months, but we werent trying very actively. Contracting the flu can lead to pneumonia, which can be particularly dangerous for a pregnant woman and her unborn child. LH surge tells you that youre likely to ovulate in few hours or days. A typical BBT graph reveals day-to-day changes. The BBT spike in the second phase should be at least 0.5 degrees Fahrenheit (0.3 degrees Celsius) higher than the first-phase BBT. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. When attempting to conceive it is important to not be too terribly stressed over all of the details, even if you have decided to keep diligent track of them. Travel. Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics and Gynaecology. Other symptoms include dizziness, fatigues and headaches. (If you get pregnant, your temperature will stay higher through the first trimester). If you work at night, check your BBT in the daytime after a few consecutive hours of restful slumber. During the first couple of weeks of it, her temperature should be a bit lower than at other times. Who.Int, 2020, http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs351/en/. Given that it goes up only slightly during pregnancy, its also difficult to determine an exact number for your new pregnancy temperature. Before ovulation: During the follicular phase, the body prepares to ovulate and basal body temperatures average between 97 and 98 degrees Fahrenheit. Low body temperature is normally a less serious condition than high body temperature, particularly in pregnant women. Its super, super subtle, says G. Thomas Ruiz, MD, lead ob-gyn at MemorialCare Orange Coast Medical Center in Fountain Valley, California. The dip appearsduring the luteal phase of your cyclethe time between ovulation and your expected period. Basal body temperature usually drops right before ovulation, then increases rapidly. Lastly, some women won't see a sustained rise in temperature, even if they do ovulate. All rights reserved. 2009; doi:10.3122/jabfm.2009.02.080038. Usually the basal body temperature charting is somewhat unreliable though. Estrogen peaks twice during your cycle. A low temperature in a baby can be serious. Please note, we cannot prescribe controlled substances, diet pills, antipsychotics, or other abusable medications. Basal body temperature may increase slightly typically less than a 1/2 degree F (0.3 C) when you ovulate. Afree fertility chartingapp called Fertility Friend did an informal analysis of its users' BBT charts to see if an implantation dip could indicate pregnancy.. We explain the best methods for taking a baby's temperature, how to . You could simply be taking your temperature inaccurately. For these women, basal body temperature charting is often a positive experience. https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-allows-marketing-first-direct-consumer-app-contraceptive-use-prevent-pregnancy. Your chart will begin on day one of your period and end on the day of your next period. Basal body temperature is the body's temperature while resting. A drop in body temperature after ovulation can be indicative of a woman not having conceived. Hendrickson-Jack L.The Fifth Vital Sign: Master Your Cycles & Optimize Your Fertility.
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