progressive era literature progressive era literature

Constitution. "Albert Baird Cummins and the progressive movement in Iowa" . What were the most impressive achievements of Progressive reformers? The Progressive Era Key Facts", H-SHGAPE, H-Net Reviews. [56], Upton Sinclair was an American writer who wrote nearly 100 books and other works in several genres. These laws were not rigorously enforced, however, until the years between 1900 and 1920, when Republican President Theodore Roosevelt (19011909), Democratic President Woodrow Wilson (19131921), and others sympathetic to the views of the Progressives came to power. It rejects inaccurate portrayals of the real world, and focuses instead on details and physical appearances. [146] This allowed for the creation of literacy tests that would essentially be designed for whites to pass them but not African Americans or any other persons of color. Senators and the first presidential primary in the United States. The goals set during the Progressive Era still apply today. Outside of government, Jane Addams, Grace Abbott, Edith Abbott, and Sophonisba Breckinridge were influential reformers. "Building a Progressive Coalition in Texas: The PopulistReform Democrat Rapproachement, 19001907. He drew from the American past a history of resistance to capitalist wage relations that was fundamentally liberal, and he reclaimed an idea that progressives had allowed to lapsethat working for wages was a lesser form of liberty. Progressive scholars, based at the emerging research universities such as Harvard, Columbia, Johns Hopkins, Chicago, Michigan, Wisconsin, and California, worked to modernize their disciplines. In the black community, Charlotte Hawkins Brown, built the Palmer Memorial Institute to educate the black leadership class, Brown worked with Booker T. Washington (in his role with the National Negro Business League), who provided ideas and access to Northern philanthropy.[104]. Direct link to 20runyona's post Muckrakers were needed in, Posted 5 years ago. New Jersey labor activist James W. Sullivan visited Switzerland in 1888 and wrote a detailed book that became a bible for reformers pushing the idea: Direct Legislation by the Citizenship Through the Initiative and Referendum (1893). The largest foundations fostered modern, efficient, business-oriented operations (as opposed to "charity") designed to better society rather than merely enhance the status of the giver. The first was that human nature could be improved through the enlightened application of regulations, incentives, and punishments. Relying on their own investigative journalism, muckrakers often worked to expose social ills and corporate and political corruption. Pestritto, Ronald J., and William J. Atto, eds. He was a member of the Republican Party for most of his life, though he also joined the Progressive Party for a brief period. [86], The progressive Wisconsin Idea promoted the use of the University of Wisconsin faculty as intellectual resources for state government, and as guides for local government. Farmers complained at the expense, and also at the loss of control over local affairs, but in state after state the consolidation process went forward. Corporations and trusts are larger today than ever before. The league also concentrated on campaigns for the right of individual communities to choose whether to close their saloons. The Court agreed in 1911 and ordered the Justice Department to draw up complete reorganization plans in six months. They preferred a constitutional amendment over a federal statute because although harder to achieve, they felt it would be harder to change. The Socialists, with a strong German and union base in Milwaukee, joined the progressives in statewide politics. Cocks, Catherine, Peter C. Holloran and Alan Lessoff. Direct link to Juliette Kudrick's post There's also the problem , Posted 6 years ago. [95][96], Democrats who promoted progressive policies included George Earle Chamberlain (governor 19031909 and senator 19091921); Oswald West (governor 19111915); and Harry Lane (senator 19131917). A leading Republican, Cummins fought to break up monopolies. However he strongly opposed Wilson's foreign policy, and mobilized the large German and Scandinavian elements which demanded neutrality in the World War I. During the Progressive era, female activists used traditional constructions of womanhood, which imagined all women as mothers and homemakers, to justify their entrance into community affairs: as "municipal housekeepers," they would clean up politics, cities, and see after the health and well-being of their neighbors. He expanded the army and sent the Great White Fleet on a world tour to project the United States naval power around the globe. The Science . A coalition of middle class reform-oriented voters, academic experts, and reformers hostile to the political machines started forming in the 1890s and introduced a series of reforms in urban America, designed to reduce waste, inefficiency and corruption, by introducing scientific methods, compulsory education and administrative innovations. However he was defeated by former President Theodore Roosevelt, who had broken with his protg Taft in 1910. [46][47], Charles Evans Hughes, as a New York politician exposed the insurance industry. [154], Insurgent Midwestern Republicans began promoting primaries starting in 1890 with Robert M. La Follette of Wisconsin. While these western Republicans could stir up issues, they could rarely forge a majority, since they were too individualistic and did not form a unified caucus. [71], In the south, prohibition was high on the agenda but controversial. Many believed that lynch law was a form of social justice, and that segregation was a brilliant plan to avoid strife. [138][139] George Washington Carver (18601943) was a leader in promoting environmentalism, and was well known for his research projects, particularly those involving agriculture. The Progressive Era is considered as the combination and interaction of a variety of different ideas and activities that emerged during the years of 1890 and 1920 as a consequence for needed new reforms by pressure groups in responding to various social, political, and economic In 1913, the Sixteenth Amendment was ratified, and a small income tax was imposed on higher incomes. ", Link, Arthur. His successful efforts to broker the end of the Russo-Japanese War won him the 1906 Nobel Peace Prize. Initially, the movement operated chiefly at the local level, but later it expanded to the state and national levels. [272] Likewise it was influential in the Midwest. There were about a dozen members of this group, including William Borah of Idaho, George W. Norris of Nebraska, Robert M. La Follette Jr., of Wisconsin, Gerald Nye of North Dakota, Hiram Johnson of California and Bronson M. Cutting of New Mexico. [146] Southern whites wanted to rid of the political influence of the black vote, citing "that black voting meant only corruption of elections, incompetence of government, and the engendering of fierce racial antagonisms. Why were muckrakers needed in American society? [39], La Follette supported some of President Wilson's policies, but he broke with the president over foreign policy, thereby gaining support from Wisconsin's large German and Scandinavian elements. [137], Rural blacks were heavily involved in environmental issues, in which they developed their own traditions and priorities. He appealed to the businessman with the gospel of efficiency in municipal affairs, run by non-partisan experts like himself. Progressives argued these needs deserved a higher priority. [246][247][248], Some Progressives sponsored eugenics as a solution to excessively large or underperforming families, hoping that birth control would enable parents to focus their resources on fewer, better children. In the beginning of the age of mass media, the rapid expansion of national advertising led the cover price of popular magazines to fall sharply to about 10 cents, lessening the financial barrier to consume them. [97], California built the most successful grass roots progressive movement in the country by mobilizing independent organizations and largely ignoring the conservative state parties. Zip. In late 1917, Congress passed the Eighteenth Amendment; it was ratified in 1919 and took effect in January 1920. Tennessee, Illinois, Kentucky and Kansas took the lead in 19041905, followed by Arkansas, Iowa, Maryland, Minnesota, Mississippi, Nebraska, Ohio, Oklahoma, Texas and West Virginia. ", Dalton, Kathleen. By 1917, two-thirds of the states had some form of prohibition laws and roughly three-quarters of the population lived in dry areas. "[201] Similar ideas and language had already been used previously in the Monroe Doctrine, wherein Roosevelt claimed that the United States could serve as the police of the world, using its power to end unrest and wrongdoing on the western hemisphere. The book was published as a series of articles in McClure's Magazine from 1902 to 1904. The Commission on Training Camp Activities sought to "socialize and Americanize" troops, especially native-born and foreign-born men, to meet the expected level of societal standards and integrate them into American culture. [197] These programs often operated through the public school system, which expanded dramatically. "Business Disunity and the Progressive Movement, 19011914,". [58], Ida Tarbell, a writer and lecturer, was one of the leading muckrakers and pioneered investigative journalism. [266][267], What historians have identified as "business progressivism", with its emphasis on efficiency and typified by Henry Ford and Herbert Hoover[268] reached an apogee in the 1920s. With an increasing disdain for the upper class and aristocracy of the time, the middle class is characterized by their rejection of the individualistic philosophy of the Upper Ten. Sterilization is a medical procedure that stops the reproductive system from working. In 1913, the Anti-Saloon League first publicly appealed for a prohibition amendment. There was a huge demand for alcohol, but most business owners were unwilling to risk getting involved in the transportation of alcohol. Through the story told in The Jungle, Progressives were. Get a quote in La Habra, CA. The first factors involved the La Follette family going back and forth between trying to control of the Republican Party and if frustrated trying third-party activity especially in 1924 and the 1930s. "American standard of living" (p . [141] The Progressive ideology espoused by many of the era attempted to correct societal problems created by racial integration following the Civil War by segregating the races and allowing each group to achieve its own potential; most Progressives saw racial integration as a problem to be solved, rather than a goal to be achieved. Richard Hofstadter, for example, in 1955 wrote that prohibition, "was a pseudo-reform, a pinched, parochial substitute for reform" that "was carried about America by the ruralevangelical virus". [22][23], The Progressives were avid modernizers, with a belief in science and technology as the grand solution to society's flaws. [156], In New Jersey, on the other hand, the party leaders introduced the primary in every county by 1902. Direct link to Robert Novitsky's post How did the U.S. congress, Posted 7 years ago. The two leading proponents were Taft, a constitutional lawyer who later became Chief Justice, and Democratic leaders William Jennings Bryan. During World War I, La Follette was the most outspoken opponent of the administration's domestic and international policies. Within the first hours of prohibition, the police in Chicago reported the theft of medicinal liquor. [188][189], After reorganizations prices to consumers went up, as the replacement firms lost the size efficiency of the trust. [187] The targets even included operations run by Taft's personal friends, such as Ohio-based National Cash Register. The purpose of eugenics was to eliminate "undesirable" attributes from the human race. The Panic of 1907 was short and mostly affected financiers. In 1913, while revolutionaries took control of the government, Wilson judged them to be immoral, and refused to acknowledge the in-place government on that reason alone. The main motivation was to reduce the power of political bosses, who controlled the Senate seats by virtue of their control of state legislatures. This illegal behavior began almost in conjunction with prohibition being voted into law. [242][243] Prominent leaders included the Mayo Brothers whose Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota, became world-famous for innovative surgery. Urban cosmopolitan scholars recoiled at the moralism of prohibition, the intolerance of the nativists and the KKK, and on those grounds denounced the era. [205], In 1903, the American reformers in the Philippines passed two major land acts designed to turn landless peasants into owners of their farms. [125] In October 1919, Secretary Wilson chaired the first meeting of the International Labour Organization even though the U.S. was not yet a member. Efficiency was improved with scientific management, or Taylorism.[11][12]. Score .8862. in. State leaders included Governor Charles B. Aycock, who led both the educational and the white supremacy crusades; diplomat Walter Hines Page; and educator Charles Duncan McIver. They serve terms as governor and senator and set up a third party in the state. If you're seeing this message, it means we're having trouble loading external resources on our website. Lincoln Steffens wrote about corrupt city and state politics in The Shame of the Cities (1904). [30] Several major foundations aided the blacks in the South and were typically advised by Booker T. Washington. Direct link to kristi delgado's post Why is this era called th, Posted 4 years ago. Morton Keller, Regulating a New Economy. The federal government responded to Sinclair's book and the NeillReynolds Report with the new regulatory Food and Drug Administration. The third party fell apart in the 1930s, and totally collapsed by 1946. In particular, the mixing of black and white pleasure-seekers in "black-and-tan" clubs troubled Progressive reformers. ", Levy, David W., and Bruce Allen Murphy. What was there purpose? [274] Women consolidated their gains after the success of the suffrage movement, and moved into causes such as world peace,[275] good government, maternal care (the SheppardTowner Act of 1921),[276] and local support for education and public health. Leading writers and intellectuals of the period, like Charlotte Perkins Gilman and Jack . The War Prohibition Act, November 1918, forbade the manufacture and sale of intoxicating beverages (more than 2.75% alcohol content) until the end of demobilization. Using this moralistic approach, Roosevelt argued for intervention with Cuba to help it to become a "just and stable civilization", by way of the Platt amendment. [198], Progressives looked to legal arbitration as an alternative to warfare. The changing nature of the American economy due to industrialization had placed a high toll on citizens, and its effects were more fully realized at the turn of the twentieth century. [158] New York Republican Governor Charles Evans Hughes made a primary law his top goal in 1909 and failed.[159][160]. [152], The direct primary became important at the state level starting in the 1890s and at the local level in the 1900s. Changes include an expanded period of in-person early voting, every registered voter in the county will receive a vote-by-mail ballot, and every registered voter in the county is able to vote in-person at any Vote . Posted 7 years ago. There was a concern towards working class children being taken out of school to be put straight to work. During prohibition, the mafia was able to grow their stronghold on illegal activities throughout the United States. [118] Local public assistance programs were reformed to try to keep families together. Using the language of municipal housekeeping women were able to push such reforms as prohibition, women's suffrage, child-saving, and public health. To prevent Democratic factionalism the Southern states turned to primaries, with the proviso that candidates who competed in the primaries and lost could not run as independents in the fall election. Muckrakers brought about positive change by exposing the ill fated conditions of child labor, and the sheer filth of the meat packing industry, through literature.