Copyright 2023 Apple Inc. All rights reserved. How is the principle of reason a rendered reason? That we have areas of knowledge is a recognition of the need for specialization in our studies since so much information and knowledge has been amassed in these areas through our pursuit of knowledge. Calling Him God or Father or whatever is not naming Him because what is lacking is knowledge by acquaintance and the terms used to describe Him are analogies or metaphors. His arguments appear to ignore the fact that it is the public who determines what their interests are and not an individual running for office. In order to know the audience so that ones knowledge can be communicated, the speaker of such knowledge must understand the human beings who are the hearers. This prompt is covered in greater depth under #17. Judgements and statements are correct, that means true, only if the reason for the connection of subject and predicate is rendered, given back to the representing I. An examination of what we understand as History can occur here. To what extent is objectivity possible in the production or acquisition of knowledge? Prompt 11: Can new knowledge change established values and beliefs? Without such reckoning up (algorithms, for example) our computers and hand phones would be quite useless because they could not have come into existence. After the mind has done so, the rendering of sufficient reasons is what counts as good evidence and a good explanation, and provides the justification for the knowledge claim made about the thing. Why, for example, are we obliged to preserve panda bears in conditions that are far better than most human beings in the world? This putting of questions to things is our inquiring into and about the nature of the things that we know and how we know them. 15. We do not have certainty regarding our knowledge of nature, but we do have dependability and we can count on the results we achieve through our inquiring and experimentation. Not having a complete personal knowledge of how the computer or hand phone functions is not really necessary unless they do not work and we must consult the experts to find out what has gone wrong. Is there such a thing or mode of being as objectivity? Each student created an exhibition of three objects to connect to one specific question. The word will here is like how we use it in free will, in that it means "a causation leading to a desired effect/result". Inquiries regarding such beliefs are what are called second order questions. What counts as good evidence for a knowledge claim is demonstrated by the manner in which that claim is grounded i.e. (See particularly the comments by Heisenberg in the blogs on The Natural Sciences.). may establish new rules or laws, and may clarify the existing rules or laws in relation to any objects or phenomena examined i.e. are established so that there is little room to discuss the objects and their being that are under scrutiny. can new knowledge change established values or beliefs objects. . You may also wish to discuss owe and its distinctions from own and the possible implications of these in any discussion of this prompt. To experiment is where we intervene in something to see what happens: if we do such and such, only now we do so in anticipation of regularity, e.g. It was in direct conflict with that tradition which is known as the history of philosophy. 16. This calculus also determines how we view a work of art and gives rise simultaneously, during the 17th and 18th centuries, to the theory of aesthetics, how we view, define and subsequently speak about art and beauty. What do these choices indicate? minds. World-view comes from the German Weltanschauung which is formed from Welt, world, and Anschauung, view, etc., and means view of, outlook on, the world. A sufficient reason is the identification of a subject or theme with its predicates; it is the identification of the causes for some things being what and how it is. Can new knowledge change established values and beliefs? v) Shakespeares Macbeth is not a play about ambition: Shakespeare is not against ambition; it is a play that concerns the outcomes of the illness that at times accompanies ambition and the ambitious. But as Aristotle once said: For as the eyes of bats are to the blaze of day, so is the reason in our soul to the things which are by nature most evident of all.. The greatest constraint placed upon the pursuit of knowledge is that which is imposed by the principle of reason: nihil est sine ratione: nothing is without (a) reason. Technologys erosion of human being and its enclosing of the world (the opposite of disclosing) are offset by its ability to give us experiences. It is what you are doing in your Exhibition which we can say is an event. Since discussions about art begin with questions of what the works are as objects, they are interpretations of the what, the how and why of the work that is present before us. why must a reason be explicitly brought forward i.e. Opinion is not a seeking for knowledge but is something someone already has whether it be true or false because an opinion can be true or false. Should some knowledge not be sought on ethical grounds? OT 2: Language and Knowledge. We can think of experience as an isolated, temporary experience or an inner, psychical event, intrinsically detached both from the body and from the external world. When we compare the latest I-Phones to what appeared previously, what counts for improvements are the greater number of apps that are applicable to making our everyday encounters more efficient and reliable. rendered, and to whom or to what is a reason rendered? 24. The abstractions that are the second order questions will be arrived at from elsewhere, thus your discussion of owning can be on the practical application side of the products of knowledge such as patents and the like, or it can deal with a theoretical discussion of what the possible meanings of owning can be. This revealing or bringing out from concealment of what has been buried is the correctness of our representations or what we have come to call the correspondence theory of truth. The evidence is considered adequate when the idea in the mind corresponds to the object which is under investigation and that object gives us its reasons for being as it is. Also, the concept of added value in economics etc. One finds the best example of this metaphor in Shakespeares Macbeth and in the motif of sickness that runs throughout that play: Art not without ambition, but without/ The illness should attend it: what thou wouldst highly,/ That wouldst thou holily; wouldst not play false, And yet wouldst wrongly win(Act 1 Sc. Darwin and Nietzsche: Part V: The World as Life and Becoming: Darwin and Nietzsche: Part VI: What is Practical Need? Answer (1 of 6): Can yes, Will no. The experience, the experiment upon which the claim is based must be replicable and the results proven by others.This is what, in fact, you are attempting to do in your Exhibition in that you are attempting to sufficiently ground your choices for the images/objects you have chosen and how they will demonstrate the key concepts inherent in the prompt you have chosen. Although dialectic is now considered a complex philosophical term, in its original sense it could mean nothing more than a discussion among friends at Starbucks over coffee. In what ways do values affect the production of knowledge? You may want to reflect on the saying: the good end justifies any means and through your examples show the nature of bias. 15. Darwin/Nietzsche Part VII: On Aristotle, Algorithms and the Principle of Contradiction and the Overturning of the True and Apparent Worlds, Part IX: Darwin/Nietzsche: Otherness, Owingness, And Nihilism, AOK: Individuals and Societies or the Human Sciences: Part One, AOK: Technology and the Human Sciences Part. Knowledge somehow breaks the. Adequate evidence means that the evidence provided is correct. We commonly associate experiencing with an I, a subject or a consciousness. When the reason for the connection of the representations has been directed back to the I, what is represented first comes to a stand such that it is securely established as an object for the representing subject. Such a precedence was not present in the early Greek understanding of truth and, subsequently, what we understand as knowledge is not how the Greeks understood knowledge. Notice the relation to prompt #1 and prompt #3: usefulness is that knowledge which may be counted on and relied on and, thus, may be found in our mathematical physics, etc. This prompt is covered in greater depth under #17. We establish values for a reason, and that reason has to do with who we are. True education is the leading out and a liberation towards seeing revealed truth. atoms or historical figures, varies with our prior conception of their being, how we have defined and classified them. But such a venturing is necessary if one truly wishes to engage in a search for the truth of things. All producing is based on a disclosive looking i.e. A culture is the way of life: the customs, civilization, achievement and values of a particular group of people at a particular time. I, for example, havent got a clue what is going on in the fashion arts. When we say that science is the theory of the real, we are saying that science is the viewing that allows the interpretation of the being of things to be objects and to be understood as reality. This is why works of art are turned into things nowadays so that something may be said about them as to what they are and what they may mean.What is unknowable is not a thing. For example, if we want our automobiles to perform at optimum efficiency, we are obliged, we owe it to the automobiles to maintain them properly. 14. If sufficient reasons are not given, we doubt the truth of the claim being made. It was done and we live with the reality of their presence. Your discussion requires that you use representational thinking (thinking in images) and inductive reasoning to move from the particular images or objects you have chosen, establish their relation to one another through analogy or metaphor, and then proceed to the general principles and key concepts contained in the prompt that you have chosen to demonstrate your knowledge of those principles and concepts. What challenges are raised by the dissemination and/or communication of knowledge? On a shop which sells Antique Hand Bags near here is a sign which reads: The Shop is not Open because it is Closed. 32. r/IBO. 1, AOK: Technology and the Human Sciences Part. What counts in a project is more like a decision than a discovery; it cannot be correct or incorrect: correctness, and criteria for it, only apply within the light shed by the project i.e. A discussion of the various types of knowledge is given here: https://wordpress.com/block-editor/post/mytok.blog/3676. The second example is a result of the system that is in place that allows beings to seen as how we wish to view them. How might the context in which knowledge is presented influence whether it is accepted or rejected? A world-picture, on the other hand, comes from the German Weltbild, a picture [BiId] of the world. Darwin and Nietzsche: Part 3: Truth as Correctness: Its Relation to Values. This system is called the technological in other areas of this writing. WHAT Object #2 Can new knowledge change established values or beliefs? Introduction- difference between values and beliefs. Modern science is applied technology, not technology as applied science. pistis [pstis]; Lat. Before the German philosopher Leibniz declaring the principle of reason astheprinciple, it lay in hiding in the darkness of our assumptions throughout Western history. Technology, understood as the principle of sufficient reason, is the guideline that governs all our relations to beings including our practical relations. What is essential is not mere ignorance, mere unfamiliarity, but a presumption of knowledge. The philosophical tradition believed that there was a knowledge which was accessible through reason that was permanent and unchanging, a truth that would be true in all times and all places about the most important things. If we speak of technology, the products of technology, our computers, hand phones, military hardware and logistics, these are all examples of the principle of reasons striving for perfectibility. This fundamental experience of how things are comes to determine for us the manner in which we look at and experience the things we encounter here in the modern age. To count comes from the Latin reor and it is directly related to the Latin word ratio. Opinion regards those things that can be otherwise and that is why it can be true or false. To regard moods or conscience as experiences ignores the way in which these moods disclose or how they open up for us our way of being in the world and our human being. In your study of Group 3 subjects, you will hear both the words culture and world-view said often. https://wordpress.com/block-editor/post/mytok.blog/3676, https://mytok.blog/2019/11/30/ct-1-perspectives-woks/. We cannot count on them because they are not grounded and the principle of sufficient reason supplies the grounds. Thus in pro-jecting, what counts as knowledge is that human being always projects itself on its possibilities, though the range of possibilities varies with the thing chosen.