Antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans: a systematic review. In the critical months during which COVAX was created, signed on participants, pooled demand, and raised enough . The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. We have to take hold of it., This is our first offensive weapon against this virus, Dr. John Mohart concluded. POSAS observer scale at three-month follow-up; vaccination interval was defined as an interval between the time of the last dose of COVID-19 vaccination and the time of surgical sutures. The FDA updated its guidance, Emergency Use Authorization for Vaccines to Prevent COVID-19, to include a new section that clarifies how the agency intends to prioritize review of EUA requests for the remainder of the COVID-19 public health emergency. Complementary Medicine and Alternative Therapies, Source: Kappel S, Kleinerman R, King TH, Sivamani R, Taylor S, Nguyen U, Eisen DB. *Correspondence: Zhou Yu, yz20080512@163.com; Xianjie Ma, majing@fmmu.edu.cn, COVID-19 Vaccines Safety Tracking (CoVaST): part I, View all FDA Leadership to Accelerate the Recovery from COVID-19, Remarks by Deputy Commissioner for Medical and Scientific Affairs Anand Shah, M.D. The Janssen COVID-19 fact sheets have been updated to include contraindications for people with a history of thrombosis with thrombocytopenia following the Janssen COVID-19 Vaccine or any other adenovirus-vectored COVID-19 vaccine. The site is secure. It was reported last night (1/8/22) that 53% of Covid hospitalizations were unvaccinated, which in turn, means that 47% are fully vaccinated. (2021) 193:E1178. J Am Acad Dermatol. (2016) 21:30406. doi: 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2016.21.47.30406, 6. Public health and medical experts from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services released a statement on the Administrations plan for COVID-19 booster shots for the American people. Plast Reconstr Surg. Until now, no evidence-based study has been published regarding how soon patients can undergo plastic and aesthetic surgery after receiving the COVID-19 vaccine and whether the COVID-19 vaccine affects wound healing and scar formation. FDA Roundup: October 21, 2022. The agency also finalized the Guidance for Industry (GFI) #245: Hazard Analysis and Risk-Based Preventive Controls for Food for Animals. 10.1101/2021.02.03.21251054 official website and that any information you provide is encrypted (2021) 9:60. The SWANTMprogram is designed for college prepared licensed practical nurses (LPN) or registered practical nurses (RPN) and prepares non-specialty nurses to provide basic, bedside WOC care. FDA's Dr. Janet Woodcock on COVID-19 Vaccines and Treatments. PMC As part of the FDAs commitment to transparency, we invite you to watch our virtual press conference, to be live streamed over the FDAs YouTube, Facebook and Twitter accounts on December 12, 2020, at 9:00 AM ET. As the number of confirmed cases goes up, the shortage of medical resources has become a challenge. I'm a disabled woman of color. FDA is an active partner in the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) response, working closely with our government and public health partners across the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, as well as with our international counterparts. Bertossi D, Dell'Acqua I, Albanese M, Marchetti P, Nocini P. Face treatment using nonsurgical mini-invasive techniques as postsurgical procedure for traumatic injury. I know some people are a little nervous that this vaccine came out so quickly, but the reason is simple. Di Saverio S, Pata F, Gallo G, Carrano F, Scorza A, Sileri P, Smart N, Spinelli A, Pellino G. Colorectal Dis. POSAS is a reliable and feasible tool for scar assessment that includes both a patient and an observer scar assessment scale (17). Vaccines. (2019) 39:NP26678. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Close more info about COVID-19 upsets balance of wound healing and practices, McKnights Women of Distinction Awards and Forum, Providers pepper CMS with schizophrenia questions; agency cautions on MDS changes, Nursing home beds fell pre-pandemic, even as aged population exploded: researchers, Reach of AI, other tech will help SNFs reach seniors looking to avoid nursing homes: expert. The opening of St. Charles' new Wound Ostomy care clinic in Prineville means people in Crook County who need wound and ostomy services can get the care they need closer to home. ", SOURCE American College of Wound Healing and Tissue Repair, Cision Distribution 888-776-0942 A nurse and a doctor stand silently assessing their patient Lilly, an 87-year-old female. Schneider S, Piening B, Nouri-Pasovsky PA, Krger AC, Gastmeier P, Aghdassi SJS. 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2016.21.47.30406 (2017) 358:4589. Today, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration amended the emergency use authorizations (EUAs) for both the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine and the Moderna COVID-19 Vaccine to allow for the use of an additional dose in certain immunocompromised individuals, specifically, solid organ transplant recipients or those who are diagnosed with conditions that are considered to have an equivalent level of immunocompromise. Global OTC Farmacia. They are your mother, your friend, your neighbour. Verger P, Collange F, Fressard L, Bocquier A, Gautier A, Pulcini C, et al. Attitudes of healthcare workers towards COVID-19 vaccination: a survey in France and French-speaking parts of Belgium and Canada, 2020. Hospitals overwhelmed with both COVID and rule out COVID cases had to make broad policies that either closed or greatly reduced outpatient services. 2022 May;38(4):e3520. In addition, the FDA authorized the 11th over-the-counter (OTC) COVID-19 test and is investigating certain imported medical gloves that appear to have been reprocessed, cleaned or recycled and sold as new. Its the first time we can take back control so we can continue doing the things we love to do. However, this article does provide preliminary clues in the comparison of the effects of different COVID-19 vaccination intervals on early-stage wound healing and scar formation. Bonnet JB, Macioce V, Jalek A, Bouchdoug K, Elleau C, Gras-Vidal MF, Pochic J, Avignon A, Sultan A. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. BMC Infect Dis. Wann du [Deitsch (Pennsylvania German / Dutch)] schwetzscht, kannscht du mitaus Koschte ebber gricke, ass dihr helft mit die englisch Schprooch. Other myths theyve heard include things like the vaccine actually gives you a mild case of COVID-19, if youve had COVID-19 you dont need to get this vaccine, the vaccine can alter your DNA, the vaccine contains fetal tissue, and the vaccine contains a microchip that the government will use to track people. 1-844-802-3926. Coronavirus (COVID-19) Update: FDA Authorizes Second Booster Dose of Two COVID-19 Vaccines for Older and Immunocompromised Individuals. NSWOCs work in a variety to health care settings including acute care, community care, LTC, clinics and private care. 85% of our Mercy physicians have already received the vaccine because theyre listening to the science., Dr. John Mohart continued by sharing the urgency of the situation in terms of the vaccines availability, As health care workers, weve had a monopoly on access to the vaccine, but those days are coming to an end. Today, FDA announced that it has found certain lots of Astra Zeneca COVID-19 vaccine drug substance manufactured at the Emergent facility in Baltimore, Maryland, to be acceptable for use for potential export. For example, patients with non-healing wounds are 20 times more likely to need inpatient care or to visit the Emergency Room. Of note, wound care supplies meant for patient care were reported as being locked away from nursing staff, patients were found sitting in soiled linens for prolonged periods of time, there was improper catheter care, and a high incidence of pressure injuries were observed due to prolonged bed rest and improper bed positioning. Third, because the patients in this study came from a single center and were treated by a single surgeon, the conclusions may not be applicable to patients in other centers and treated by other surgeons. By Akshay Syal, M.D. Figure 3. The vaccination interval was defined as an interval between the last dose of the COVID-19 vaccine and the surgical suture placement. (45:36), FDA leaders discuss the emergency use authorization for the updated booster doses of the Moderna and Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccines. Received: 24 February 2022; Accepted: 29 April 2022; Published: 01 June 2022. Today, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration expanded the emergency use authorization (EUA) for the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine for the prevention of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) to include adolescents 12 through 15 years of age. return to JAMA's Q&A series to discuss the Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna vaccines: the data, the weekend's EUA designation (Pfizer/BioNTech), and the process for future full licensure and postmarketing safety surveillance. The position paper proposes solutions, recognizes the amazing care being rendered by healthcare professionals treating COVID patients and restates the mission of the college which is to create specialty status for wound care. The Vaccines and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee will meet in open session to discuss the matter of additional doses of COVID-19 vaccines and specifically to discuss the Pfizer-BioNTech supplemental Biologics License Application for administration of a third (booster) dose of Comirnaty (COVID-19 Vaccine, mRNA) in individuals 16 years of age and older. Coronavirus (COVID-19) Update: FDA Issues Policies to Guide Medical Product Developers Addressing Virus Variants. MIAMI, Florida ( WSVN) -- A burrowing owl is on the mend after suffering a bad injury when it got stuck in a storm shutter. Experts also are beginning to echo concerns that providers pandemic response to the virus itself could be impeding wound care practice. Would you like email updates of new search results? The authorization for the InspectIR COVID-19 Breathalyzer test is an example of the FDAs continued commitment to support the development of innovative, appropriately accurate and reliable diagnostic tests that increase testing options for COVID-19. And everyone 5 years and older should also get a COVID-19 booster, if eligible. Face Masks COVID-19 Test Kits COVID-19 Medication Immune Support Book your COVID-19 Vaccine COVID-19 Vaccine Digital Record. Getting the vaccine will protect you with minimal side effects for most people. The FDA posts an updated letter of authorization, health care provider fact sheet and frequently asked questions regarding the number of Pfizer-BioNTech doses in a vial, updated the Device Shortage List, and provides a testing update. Front Immunol. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). Therefore, it is not necessary to postpone COVID-19 vaccination, as the vaccine does not affect wound healing. Whats been happening because of this is that caregivers have to make an extremely difficult choice. JAMA. "Residents with wound issues frequently have comorbid conditions that put them at higher risk for developing serious consequences from COVID-19," said Karen Hoffmann, RN, MS, CIC, FSHEA, FAPIC,. : , . If anyone asks you to pay for a COVID-19 vaccine, it's a scam. 2020 May;46(5):628-634. doi: 10.1097/DSS.0000000000002076. This military report finally shed light on LTCs crumbling house of cards. Feb. 16, 2023, 3:53 PM PST. It is posited that with 630 LTC facilities in Ontario, the fact that the majority of which are not serviced by an NSWOC is contributing to the persistently high prevalence of patients with WOC-related conditions in Ontario LTC facilities.. 2022 Apr;86(4):863-867. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2021.10.036. Kupferschmidt K. Top Israeli immunologist's views on vaccines trigger furor. Fourth, this is a descriptive study, some basic conditions of patients, such as wound type, have considerable heterogeneity. Another possible reason is that the reactivation of BCG scars is attributed to vaccine-induced immune activation under T cell bystander stimulation, whereas scars caused by trauma do not exhibit a similar phenomenon (28). With the incorporation of the skin wellness associate nurses (SWAN) as a member of the WOC team, LTC facilities can have access to on-site WOC care, providing rapid assessment, bedside WOC support to staff and wisely utilize health care spending. and transmitted securely. The new COVID-19 vaccines being used in the U.S. do NOT contain live virus, so they are not capable of causing shedding, but we will get to that below. Berninghausen LK, Osterhoff G, Langer S, Kohler LH. Even before this vaccine was available, I did a lot of research to determine if I would put this in my own body as well as my kids bodies. One surgeon performed the surgeries, which avoided the bias of different surgical techniques. CH : Nu bn ni Ting Vit, c cc dch v h tr ngn ng min ph dnh cho bn. In our daily clinical practice, concerns about vaccine safety are manifested in the thought that vaccination may be detrimental to wound healing and result in scar formation after surgery, which is a common concern of patients we have treated during the pandemic. If vaccination causes shedding, it typically results . View webcast, FDA Commissioner Talks to AARP About COVID-19 Vaccines. Only 20% of people in low- and lower-middle-income countries have received a first dose of vaccine compared to 80% in high- and upper-middle income countries. It is created by eHealthMe based on reports of 15 people who have Wound infection from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and is updated regularly. A new FDA Consumer Update highlights 5 Things to Know about COVID-19 Vaccination for Adolescents and FDAs vaccine expert, Dr. Peter Marks, participated in the HHS Ask An Expert video series to answer some of your most frequently asked questions about COVID-19 vaccination. The FDA's Center for Biologics Evaluation and Researchs Vaccines and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee (VRBPAC) will meet in open session to discuss Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) of the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine for the prevention of COVID-19 in individuals 16 years of age and older. Moreover, vaccination time, doses, and type of COVID-19 vaccine were recorded preoperatively and at the 3-month follow-up. The FDA will participate in the ACTIV partnership aimed at developing a collaborative framework among all partners to rapidly respond to COVID-19 and future pandemics. Today, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved the first COVID-19 vaccine, known as the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine, now marketed as Comirnaty (koe-mir'-na-tee), for the prevention of COVID-19 disease in individuals 16 years of age and older. The scientists, while studying "something else" related to hepatitis, decided to test blood samples of their patients who got vaccinated for COVID-19 with mRNA vaccines for the presence of vaccine mRNA. National Consumer Protection Week: FDA Is Vigilant in Protecting Consumers Against COVID-19 Vaccine Scams. Additionally, the FDA issued an updated Letter to Health Care Personnel and Facilities stating that the FDA no longer authorizes use of non-NIOSH-approved or decontaminated disposable respirators. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! COVID-19 is highly contagious and its rapid spread burdens the healthcare system. Acting FDA Commissioner, Janet Woodcock, M.D. Reactivation of BCG vaccination scars after vaccination with mRNA-Covid-vaccines: two case reports. Also, the standard deviation (SD) of each group was 5. = 2, = 0.05, and = 0.2. The FDA posts translations of the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine fact sheet in multiple languages, issues a new guidance, and provides a testing update. Statement by FDA Commissioner Stephen M. Hahn, M.D. Today, the FDA added new devices to the device discontinuance list, including sterilization products and oxygen conservers. This study has some limitations. COVID Healing Protocol: Virus and Vaccine. 1-844-802-3925 . Learn More About COVID-19 Vaccines From the FDA. September 16, 2022 - FDAs leaders discuss updated COVID-19 vaccine boosters with key stakeholder groups. The FDA issued an emergency use authorization (EUA) for the Novavax COVID-19 Vaccine, Adjuvanted for the prevention of COVID-19 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in individuals 18 years of age and older. and what is included. Im also proud of all of our caregivers, but now we need to do whats right for ourselves and for society to get rid of this pandemic. New, Trending, Top rated & Bestsellers . doi: 10.7759/cureus.14453, 27. 2020 Nov 3;20(1):268. doi: 10.1186/s12893-020-00932-3. None of the patient characteristics was statistically different among the three groups [ <1 month (n = 8), 13 months (n = 12), and 3 months (n = 11)] in age, wound causes, wound sites, wound type, wound length, topical silicone application, and laser therapy. On May 14th, 2020, the military produced a report highlighting the atrocious and inhumane living conditions of our most vulnerable population. An internal Nurses Specialized in Wound, Ostomy and Continence Canada report confirms this gap in care as only 69 NSWOCs reported providing care support to LTC clients in Canada while only 20 of those NSWOCS are solely dedicated to work in LTC. While there has been public outcry, there has been little substantial change to our health care system to improve the lives of those suffering from WOC conditions. In Part 1 of FDA Insights vaccine series, Dr. Shah welcomes Dr. Peter Marks, director of FDAs Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, to discuss the basics of COVID-19 vaccine development. Bookshelf Peter W. Marks, M.D., Ph.D., discusses COVID-19 vaccines with the American Medical Association in Episode 5: Vaccine Safety and Delivery in the What Physicians Need to Know webinar series. Exclusion criteria included patients who (1) were vaccinated after suture placement or (2) were lost to follow-up. FDA Insight: Vaccines for COVID-19, Part 2. View October 15 livestream. Thomas SJ, Moreira ED Jr, Kitchin N, Absalon J, Gurtman A, Lockhart S, et al. No specific application will be discussed at this meeting. and the Director of FDA's Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Peter Marks, M.D., Ph.D., discuss the suggested increased risks of myocarditis and pericarditis following COVID19 vaccination. The FDA amended the emergency use authorizations (EUAs) of the Moderna COVID-19 Vaccine, Bivalent and the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine, Bivalent to authorize their use as a single booster dose in younger age groups. Non-Invasive monitoring for rejection in kidney transplant recipients after SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination. As the public health agency responsible for regulating medical products, we must ensure that health care providers have the most up-to-date diagnostics, treatments and vaccines in their toolbox to fight this pandemic. Vaccine hesitancy in the era of COVID-19. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Methods: Moreover, cutaneous small-vessel vasculitis after COVID-19 vaccination has also been reported, which may aggravate these existing cutaneous injuries (23, 24). The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Before : , . MYTH: The side effects of the COVID-19 vaccine are dangerous. . Int Wound J. The main types of COVID-19 vaccines currently available in the U.S. or being studied include: Messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccine. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. On Monday, the FDA reissued the Aug. 19, 2022, letter of authorization for Novavax COVID-19 Vaccine, Adjuvanted to revise the conditions of authorization related to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) reporting requirements for vaccination providers and Novavax, Inc. to include myocarditis and pericarditis. While the technology has changed a little bit, this vaccine is nothing new and has excellent safety and efficacy data. FDA and the European Medicines Agency jointly chaired the first global regulators meeting to discuss ways to streamline the development of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. -, Sallam M. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy worldwide: a concise systematic review of vaccine acceptance rates. Wound care suffers from the fact that most providers have little to no exposure to wound clinics and limited education on wound care during their training. Given the measures of radical debridement, necrotic tissue removal, and fine suturing, primary healing of the wounds was achieved for all patients in this study. In this study, patients with adult trauma with subcutaneous sutures placed by a single plastic surgeon in a single center were included. The FDA announces revisions to the vaccine recipient and vaccination provider fact sheets for the Johnson & Johnson (Janssen) COVID-19 Vaccine. A pungent sweet sickly smell permeates the room, it is a distinct odour they have encountered before, the smell of infection. found that local injection site reactions occurred after a median of 1 day and that delayed large local reactions occurred after a median of 7 days after vaccination (13). The FDA published two FDA voices - Give Your Community a Boost: Combatting Misinformation Through Communication and Research and FDAs Technology and Data Modernization in Action in 2022. The FDA also published findings from a facility inspection of Abbott Nutrition in Sturgis, Michigan, revised the guidance: Emergency Use Authorization for Vaccines to Prevent COVID-19, denied two the request in two citizen petitions, published the FDA voices announced the extension of a public comment period, approved a new animal drug, updated a list of which regions in which the drug Sotrovimab is not authorized, approved a medical device to treat defects or legions that can occur in cartilage covering bones in the knee joint, authorized marketing of a medical device for measuring the brain temperature of neonates (infants less than four weeks old) and updated a fact sheet and FAQ regarding dosing information of Evusheld. However, cases like these are being exposed and reported in the media. A crisis like this shows you how remarkable people are. Vaccines designed to elicit protective immune responses remain key for containing the COVID-19 pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) (1). FDA authorized undiluted, thawed Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine vials to be stored in the refrigerator at 2C to 8C (35F to 46F) for up to 1 month. Epub 2020 Jun 1. 2022 Dec;19(8):2071-2081. doi: 10.1111/iwj.13810. FOIA Verger P, Scronias D, Dauby N, Adedzi KA, Gobert C, Bergeat M, et al. The Institutes Wound, Ostomy and Continence Education Program (WOC-EP) is designed for bachelors-prepared registered nurses (RN) to provide advanced, WOC consultation. 2015 Apr;72(4):668-73. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2014.11.032. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) has started a study on COVID-19 vaccines during pregnancy and postpartum. The FDA amended the emergency use authorizations (EUA) for both the Moderna and Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccines authorizing use of a single booster dose for all individuals 18 years of age and older after completion of primary vaccination with any FDA-authorized or approved COVID-19 vaccine. The science was followed to a tee, but we had tremendous government funding very early on, so the efficiency was due to this financial backing, not a lack of science.. FDA Takes Additional Actions on the Use of a Booster Dose for COVID-19 Vaccines. Conclusion: (2021) 385:176173. The cohort was consecutive during the COVID-19 pandemic. Public Health. Research on wound healing and scar formation is highly valued by plastic surgeons (11, 12). Wound care IS a specialty. Nat Med. (2019) 44:e79. Statement by FDA Commissioner Stephen M. Hahn, M.D., and Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research Director Peter Marks, M.D., Ph.D. Coronavirus (COVID-19) Update: FDA Holds Advisory Committee Meeting to Discuss Authorization of COVID-19 Vaccine Candidate as Part of Agencys Review of Safety and Effectiveness Data. (A) edema; (B) erythema; (C) exudates. Ruf selli Nummer uff: Call 1-844-372-8349. People of color have valid concerns about research based on our countrys history, but I can assure them from the bottom of my heart that the studies were done ethically and showed no difference in safety across all groups. Although the overall safety of COVID-19 vaccines has been demonstrated by placebo-controlled trials (7), few studies on whether a specific physiological state or pathological process is changed after the COVID-19 vaccination have been published (810). Thus, it is not necessary to postpone COVID-19 vaccination, as the vaccine does not affect wound healing and scar formation in patients undergoing surgery. Hospital News Canada, Digital healthcare start-ups building solutions for aging adults to watch for 2021, Triage in critical care: A protocol to protect lives and principles, Creating the Sharing Circle website : Providing culturally safe information to support wound, ostomy and continence care in Indigenous communities, Brainstorming ways to bring wound care directly to those in need, Harm reduction dispensing machines to be installed across Canada, Saving organs, saving lives: Building the worlds first organ regeneration lab, AI-powered tool on surgical unit to improve patient care, Sexual assault survivors face significant barriers to care, Local cancer free after successful surgery - Energeticcity.ca, Ontario Nurses' Association says bargaining with, Major union joins community effort to save Lachine. FDA Will Follow The Science On COVID-19 Vaccines For Young Children. Euro Surveill. In patients who received inactivated vaccine, no statistically significant difference was observed both in wound healing and scar formation among the three groups of <1, 13, and 3 months (WAI: p = 0.553; POSAS patient scale: p = 0.399; POSAS observer scale: p = 0.976). When people who have been vaccinated get COVID-19, they are much less likely to experience severe symptoms than people who are unvaccinated. View press briefing. Sperm parameters before and after COVID-19 mRNA vaccination. An Update from Federal Officials on Efforts to Combat COVID-19. In the field of plastic and reconstructive surgery, whether COVID-19 vaccination influences wound healing and scar formation is worthy of special attention. Details of patients' characteristics were shown in Table 1. As the nurse and doctor assess the wound, they begin to think, How did this wound deteriorate this significantly? FDA Takes Key Action By Approving Second COVID-19 Vaccine. (2021) 596:41722. (2014) 67:101725. Disclaimer. Figure 5. Additionally, the FDA issued a report that describes some of the approaches used by the South Korean government to address COVID-19, particularly regarding development, authorization and use of diagnostic tests. Ive been a physician for 20 years and this has been the most emotionally fatiguing experience in my professional life, said Dr. Ann-Elizabeth Mohart. Implementing best-practice approaches to the assessment and treatment of wounds, ostomies, and continence issues into their areas of care. The patients were categorized by vaccination interval into three groups of <1, 1-3, and 3 months.