b. the just-world phenomenon. In political science, Duverger's law holds that single-ballot majoritarian elections with single-member districts (such as first past the post) tend to favor a two-party system.The discovery of this tendency is attributed to Maurice Duverger, a French sociologist who observed the effect and recorded it in several papers published in the 1950s and 1960s. tendency: 1 n an inclination to do something Synonyms: leaning , propensity Type of: inclination that toward which you are inclined to feel a liking n an attitude of mind especially one that favors one alternative over others "a tendency to be too strict" Synonyms: disposition , inclination Types: show 31 types. The groups are supporters of two rival political movements in Thailand and politically neutral subjects. Beth believes that all sorority members are unintelligent and self-centered. Peoples identities are multifaceted, intersecting across gender, race, class, age, region, and more. maxxa+ysubjecttopx+y=m. We commonly say that we should not label others but we cannot help but do so. B) Having the belief in the superiority of one's own ethnic group. the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another, the theory that we explain someones behavior by crediting either the situation or the persons disposition, the tendency for observers, when analyzing anothers behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition, feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events, occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts, occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speakers attractiveness, the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request, a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave, the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent. (1998). In D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.). These blatant biases tend to run in packs: People who openly hate one outgroup also hate many others. Around nine-in-ten Americans favor some form of marijuana legalization, according to an April 2021 Pew Research Center survey.An overwhelming majority of U.S. adults (91%) say either that marijuana should be legal for medical and recreational use (60%) or that it should be legal for medical use only (31%).Just 8% say the drug should not be legal in any form. Use each of these words in a sentence that reflects the word's meaning in the chapter. credibility. ethnocentrism . As a result, outgroup disliking stems from this in-group liking (Brewer & Brown, 1998). QUESTION 23 The tendency to apply one's own cultural values in judging the behavior and beliefs of people raised in other cultures is known as cultural relativism cultural universalism ethnocentrism egocentrism QUESTION 24 Foraging societies practice what . triangular theory of love. (c) How does the optimal expenditure on the xxx good vary with ppp ? Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Social psychology, Positive illusions, Self-serving bias and more. Common stereotypes of people from all sorts of categories and occupations turn out to classify them along these two dimensions (see Figure 1). During lunch a group of computer science majors were discussing their choice of field. Even ordinary people, without any particular hostility, can become agents in a destructive process. For example, rich people are often viewed as competent but cold. After meeting Kim, who has a 4.0 GPA and volunteers 20 hours each week to help disabled children, Beth says "Well, Kim is an exception to the rule." d. the fundamental attribution error. According to Lyons et al. Idea that individuals pair up into relationships with people who are similar to their level of physical attraction. which people belonged to were an important source of pride and self-esteem. Hanna is a supervisor in the production unit of a textile company. 0 . This reaction is best explained in terms of. He believes in strict obedience to authority and is intolerant of weakness in others. Also called the cross-race effect and the own-race bias. Also called the cross- race effect and the own- race bias. c. romantic love What causes a gain or loss on the sale of a bond investment? own: [verb] to have or hold as property : possess. d. aggression. Like most students in her school, she believes that Carson Elementary School is the best school in town. For example, if you were asked to categorize ice cream as good or bad, you might quickly categorize it as good. model of love based on three components: intimacy, passion, and commitment; several types of love exist, depending on the presence or absence of each of these components. Alex is likely to conform to their opinion if, He feels insecure in his role as a new member of the team, After hearing respected medical authorities lecture about the value of regular exercise, Raul, who has rarely exercised, begins to jog regularly. an unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members. d. oxytocin. The tendency to favor one's own ethnic group over other groups is called. b. bias. The girls' belief best illustrates: Daniel does not get the desired salary hike during his annual appraisal. Consequently, because of the absence of genuine feedback, Yosef is not able to progress like other trainees. B) ingroup bias. View quiz 5 psych 312.docx from PSYCH 312 at Liberty University. "Oh, no, never," the woman said. Pablo and Sabina's failure to resolve their argument for their mutual benefit illustrates a failure to develop. d. women tend to share similar attitudes about sex. This best illustrates that victim blaming is fueled by: These two simple dimensionswarmth and competencetogether map how groups relate to each other in society. A unified theory of implicit attitudes, stereotypes, self-esteem, and self-concept. Devine and her colleagues (2005) note that automatic prejudices subside when ________. Was the White person wrong because they will never learn to be comfortable if they avoid contact? First, there is the problem of stereotyping. They have relatively high levels of serotonin and low levels of testosterone. High rates of violence are most common among those who experience minimal levels of: "Oh, very good," Judge Matsumoto . Participants paid $1 more likely to change their beliefs about the task. b. deindividuation. A) mirror-image perceptions. Greenwald, A. G., Banaji, M. R., Rudman, L. A., Farnham, S. D., Nosek, B. An expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them. A groups position on the dimensions of warmth and competence dictate whether we relate to its members with admiration, dehumanizing contempt, competitive envy, or paternalistic caretaking. People naturally create mental categories. Greenwald, A. G., Poehlman, T. A., Uhlmann, E. L., & Banaji, M. R. (2009). The phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them. Social identity theory (Tajfel, Billig, Bundy, & Flament, 1971) describes this tendency to favor ones own in-group over anothers outgroup. This is best illustrated in studies of, Prejudice is most likely to develop as a way of justifying, Most children believe their school is better than the other schools in town. In the context of distinctiveness, you are most likely to introduce your roommate to your friends as: When the British made a group of German civilians walk through a concentration camp at the close of World War II, one German responded: "What terrible criminals these prisoners must have been to receive such treatment." B) an unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its members. Most people also identify as members of certain groups but not others. (Ask a partner what he or she orders in a restaurant in the following situations.). a. 33. The dislike originates from each classs favoritism toward itself and the fact that only one group can play on the soccer field at a time. . (2010), since the Iraq war, Americans with a strong national identity expressed the most disdain for: People redirect their hostility when the cause of their frustration is intimidating or unknown. We categorize people according to their citizenship, gender, allegiance to a sports team, and university affiliation, among other qualities. This behavior is best explained in terms of: Your textbook defines _____ as a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people. A petty cash fund of $200 was established on April 1, 2016. Log in Join. Brewer, M. B., & Brown, R. J. direction a . The non-rival out-group acts as a reference . Tajfel (1979) proposed that the groups (e.g. Microaggressions are often subtle so that makes them easy to shake off. Busca trabajos relacionados con All of the following are examples of measures of central tendency except o contrata en el mercado de freelancing ms grande del mundo con ms de 22m de trabajos. Some of the jurors commented on the rape victim's history of going out to various bars and they said she had been dressed too provocatively; in other words, "looking like that," she had asked to be assaulted. 1. Specifically, people see members of an outgroup as more similar to one another in personality than they actually are. _____ refers to the tendency to view the world through one's own cultural filters.a) Conservatism b) Relativism c) Ethnocentrism d) Ableism ANS: c A-head: Culture and Intergroup Relations REF: 363 Feedback: Ethnocentrism is the tendency to view the world through one's own cultural filters. Study Resources. Consider the utility maximization problem, maxxa+ysubjecttopx+y=m\max x^a+y \quad \text { subject to } p x+y=m Tensions between, say, a White persons own good intentions, on the one hand, and discomfort with closely interacting with a Black person, on the other hand, may cause the White person to behave stiffly or be distracted. Group-serving bias is the tendency to make more favorable attributions about our ingroups than our outgroups. d. neural influences contribute to aggressive behavior in men but not in women. An understood rule for accepted and expected behavior. unconsciously mimicking others expressions, postures, and voice tones to help us feel what they are feeling, tendency to believe that something is true simply because it has been repeated many times, the tendency for people to take personal credit for success but blame failure on external factors. 2. an inclination, bent, or predisposition to something. The loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity. After Manny's father refused to let him use the family car on Friday night, Manny let all the air out of the tires. You are Black, and you have difficulty recognizing the White customers who were in your store during a robbery. However, imagine if every time you ate ice cream, you got a brain freeze. On April 30, 2016, the petty cash fund contained vouchers totaling$171.40 plus $26.10 of currency. . The stereotype content model attends to two major dimensions of evaluating other people: warmth and competence. Attitude change path in which people are influenced by incidental cues, emotional responses such as a speaker's attractiveness. Biases can explicit (overt and conscious) or more implicit (automatic, ambiguous, and ambivalent). Universal dimensions of social cognition: Warmth and competence. What roles do the evoked set, inert set, and inept set take part in a consumer's information search? Representativeness Heuristic The tendency to make judgments about group membership based on physical appearances or the match between a person and one's stereotype of a group rather than on available base rate information. For example, when our awareness of our attitudes and of our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting discomfort by changing our attitudes. The theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs. In the context of the relationship between religion and racial prejudice, if one defines religiousness as . 3. c. outgroup bias. The theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation (external) or the person's disposition (internal). HLT. For example, when our awareness of our attitudes and of our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes, adjusting ones behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard, influence resulting from a persons desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval, influence resulting from ones willingness to accept others opinions about reality, stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others, the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable, the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity, the enhancement of a groups prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group. When four people watched them, they made 80 percent of their shots. Explaining behaviors based on a person's characteristics; traits, maturity, etc. a. desensitizing them to violent acts. Similarly, Ecuador guarantees the fundamental right to sexual orientation and gender identity. (1974). This reaction is best explained in terms of: After the events of 9/11, some Americans began boycotting Arab-American stores and lashing out at any person they perceived as Middle Eastern. Spontaneously, people categorize people into groups just as we categorize furniture or food into one type or another. A generalized (sometimes accurate, but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people. She is a skydiver as well as a tennis player. Peter Principle: The Peter Principle is an observation that the tendency in most organizational hierarchies , such as that of a corporation, is for every employee to rise in the hierarchy through . Desirable? ____________ can be defined as any physical or verbal behavior that is intended to hurt or destroy. But when he noticed several adults walk past the man, he concluded that the man did not need any help. C) more readily comply with a large request if they previously complied with a small request. . A specific case of comfort with the ingroup is called aversive racism, so-called because people do not like to admit their own racial biases to themselves or others (Dovidio & Gaertner, 2010). After discussing why each of them believes this to be so, they all conclude that Ms. Akey is definitely a much better teacher than Mr. Schwenke. Tell your classmates what you will visit and what you will do and see there. ethnocentrism.d. Monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) is sometimes called the ________ gene. When are petty cash expenses recognized (at the time of establishment, reimbursement, or replenishment)? (Check the elasticity of px(p,m)p x^*(p, m)px(p,m) w.r.t. His reaction most clearly illustrates one of the dynamics involved in, An expectation that people will help those who depend on them is known as the, Two conflicting groups who share the same negative views of one another demonstrate. Since 1946, the average midterm loss for the president's party is 25 seats. People who score high on SDO believe that some groups are inherently better than others, and because of this, there is no such thing as group equality. At the same time, though, SDO is not just about being personally dominant and controlling of others; SDO describes a preferred arrangement of groups with some on top (preferably onesown group) and some on the bottom.